Mobile payment system in a disaster area have the potential to provide electronic transactions for people purchasing recovery goods like foodstuffs, clothes, and medicine. Conversely, to enable transactions in a disaster area, current payment systems need communication infrastructures (such as wired networks and cellular networks) which may be ruined during such disasters as large-scale earthquakes and flooding and thus cannot be depended on in a disaster area. In this paper, we introduce a new mobile payment system utilizing infrastructureless MANETs to enable transactions that permit users to shop in disaster areas. Specifically, we introduce an endorsement-based mechanism to provide payment guarantees for a customer-tomerchant transaction and a multilevel endorsement mechanism with a lightweight scheme based on Bloom filter and Merkle tree to reduce communication overheads. Our mobile payment system achieves secure transaction by adopting various schemes such as location-based mutual monitoring scheme and blind signature, while our newly introduce event chain mechanism prevents double spending attacks. As validated by simulations, the proposed mobile payment system is useful in a disaster area, achieving high transaction completion ratio, 65% -90% for all scenario tested, and is storage-efficient for mobile devices with an overall average of 7MB merchant message size.

A payment system in a disaster area is essential for people to buy necessities such as groceries, clothing, and medical supplies. However, existing payment systems require the needed communication infrastructures (like wired networks and cellular networks) to enable transactions, so that these systems cannot be relied on in disaster areas, where these communication infrastructures may be destroyed. In this paper, we propose a mobile payment system, adopting infrastructureless mobile adhoc networks (MANETs), which allow users to shop in disaster areas while providing secure transactions. Specifically, we propose an endorsement-based scheme to guarantee each transaction and a scheme to provide monitoring based on location information, and thus achieve transaction validity and reliability. Our mobile payment system can also prevent collusion between two parties and reset and recover attacks by any user. Security is ensured by using location-based mutual monitoring by nearby users, avoiding thereby double spending in the system.

Secure communications is essential in many areas such as disaster management and battlefield communications. To detect and prevent attacks in such applications, most existing protocols adopt a cryptography-based approach, trust-based approach (reputation of nodes), or incentive-based approach. However, such protocols still have drawbacks, such as expensive overhead, difficulty in maintaining secure key and session management, or leaving routes unsecured against Byzantine attacks. In this paper, we introduce a monitoring-based method in the link state routing protocol to secure the packets' route against Byzantine attacks. The goal of our proposed scheme is to guarantee communication among connected benign nodes in the network. Specifically, each node monitors the action of neighboring nodes and compares the optimal packet route against the packet route history. Nodes in the network create a packet history field which is used to record all activities of an intermediate node when receiving and forwarding packets. Our scheme provides mutual monitoring in which nodes in the network can validate the packet history field of other nodes and report malicious activities. Also, our scheme uses a statistical method to know if a node is dropping packets intentionally by analyzing the packet dropping behavior of each node. The proposed scheme provides protection against colluding attacks and other Byzantine attacks. The proposed monitoring-based method achieves an average of 89% to 96% packet delivery ratio when 11% to 21% active malicious links are excluded from the network.

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