Background and Objectives: The practice of blood donation is largely dependent on one's level of education and attitude. Over 13 thousand blood facilities in 169 countries report collecting 106 million blood donations worldwide, totaling 118.5 million. However, there is still no equilibrium between blood demand and supply. Every year, in underdeveloped nations like Nepal, the need for safe blood is vital. Thus, this research was carried out to examine knowledge, practice, and attitude of blood donation among bachelor level Students. Material and Methods: This study used a systematic approach to analyze knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards blood donation among undergraduate students. A descriptive cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilizing stratified random samples on 110 samples. The pretest self-administered questionnaire was employed, which included both structured and semi-structured questions (r=0.70). The respondents included first- and second-year Bachelor of Social Work and Business Studies students, as well as first-year Bachelor of Computer Administration students. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (i.e., chi-square and spearman's test) in SPSS 16 version. Results: This study found that 4.5% of the respondents had good knowledge, 63.7% had average knowledge, and 31.2% had poor knowledge. Among the respondents 23.60% had practice of blood donation while 76.10 % have not performed blood donation. The study also revealed 21.10% have negative attitude and 78.20% have positive attitude. There is a positive relationship between knowledge and attitude as Spearman's coefficient value r = 0.150, and p= 0.117 (p>0.05) Conclusion:  The study concludes the highest number of female respondents and a Hindu majority. Despite having a positive attitude, they have not practiced blood donation indicating a need to increase reinforcement and motivation among youths to bring positive changes in blood donation.

Background & Objective: Insomnia is defined as a difficulty with the initiation, maintenance, duration, or quality of sleep that results in the impairment of daytime functioning. The prevalence of insomnia increases steadily with age and is often a persistent problem, particularly in older adults and is often mistaken as a normal part of ageing. The objective was to identify the associated risk factors of insomnia among elderly. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted. The data was collected from respondents in 60 samples using probability systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected using standard questionnaire tool i.e. Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale 20 version. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Chi-square) were applied using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 16 for data analysis. Results: Study finding revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 77.5. Half of respondents i.e. (50.0%) had insomnia. There is significant association between insomnia and drinking alcohol (p=0.045), fear of death (p=0.032) and alter sleep due to bad dreams (p=0.035) and there is no significant association between insomnia and co-morbidity (p>0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that 50% of the respondents had insomnia. Drinking alcohol, fear of death and alter sleep due to bad dreams are significant association with insomnia. Therefore, it would be better if awareness programs regarding stress management and lifestyle modification are given to the patient to improve the quality of life.

Malnutrition among under-five is a major global health problem in developing countries like Nepal. It directly or indirectly affects many aspects of the child’s health, adversely affecting growth and development. Also, malnutrition affects the child’s ability to learn and process information and growth. This study assesses the prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children in Kamal Gaupalika, Jhapa, Nepal. First, a descriptive cross-sectional method was conducted among 60 under-five children and their mothers. The interview included semi-structured and structured questionnaires regarding socio-demographic and contributing factors of malnutrition and anthropometric measurement (analog weighing machine, measuring tape, mid-upper arm circumference) used for data collection. Then, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS-16, employing descriptive statistics (i.e. percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (i.e. chi-square). This study shows that 41.67% were malnourished. Among them, stunting was 20.0%, wasting was 25.0%, and underweight was 31.7%. Anthropometric measurement showed 83.3% were well-nourished, 11.7% were at risk for acute malnutrition, and 5% were moderate acute malnutrition. Family income was found to be significantly associated with malnutrition (stunting p = 0.001, wasting p = 0.007 and underweight p = 0.000). In contrast, there was no association in age, gender, ethnicity, mother’s education, father’s education, and mother’s age at childbirth. Our results showed that malnutrition is prevalent in the selected study area. Therefore, community-based nutrition awareness and education programs are necessary to improve the nutritional status of children.