Scale-up, process validation, and technology transfer are conducted at the late phase of product development. However, the performance of these steps is largely dependent on the product composition and process selected in the early phase of development. The technology chosen at an early developmental stage and employed in manufacturing the bio-batch stays with it during its life. During this early phase, the development scientist must consider the future demand of the product in selecting the process and equipment. In reviewing a manufacturing process, it is important to consider the physico- chemical properties of the drug and excipients along with equipment capabilities and limitations. Involvement of production personnel in the manufacturing of a batch prior to the bio-batch often helps in the develop- ment of a robust process. All equipment should be quali¢ed for installation, operation, and performance prior to the bio-batch. The equipment should be cleaned and tested as per a cleaning validation protocol. The bio-batch should be evaluated for process performance as per a process validation protocol. All operational documents and test results generated from the bio-batch must be reviewed prior to initiating further scale-up and=or technology transfer. A team effort among formulation, validation, production, analytical, and logistic support groups is crucial to the success of scale-up and technology transfer.

Transfer of technology is defined as “a logical procedure that controls the transfer of any process together with its documentation and professional expertise between development and manufacture or between manufacture sites” • Technology transfer is both integral and critical to the drug discovery and development .Technology of transfer may be defined as a mutually agreed upon, intentional, goal-oriented, and proactive process by which technology flows from an entity that owns the technology (the transferor) to an entity seeking the technology (the transferee). Government of India is in the verge to open Technology Transfer Offices, Universities, institutions which will be funded by central government and will acts as mechanism for transferring or exporting the research conducted and its outcome to the desired place. Examples of technology transfer can be found across virtually every scientific and industrial area, from pharmaceuticals and medical devices to alternative energy solutions, computing, transport, artificial intelligence, robotics, agriculture, aerospace, environmental improvements and many more.. To overcome these limitations, the four levels of knowledge and technology transfer are suggested: Technology transfer can be broadly classified into vertical and horizontal technology transfer. Vertical Technology Transfer– This chain of transfer includes basic research to applied research, applied research to development, and from development to production. It is also known as internal technology transfer. Technology transfer is a process to transfer information and technologies necessary to manufacture quality drug product consistently or technology transfer is the process of taking an invention from its inception in a laboratory to a commercialized product.

In today's business world exports have started to play an important role. Many companies have recognized the importance of conducting business activities outside the home country. Industries that were strictly national in scope only a few years ago are dominated by a handful of global enterprises. The present research was undertaken with the objective to study the export orientation of the sports goods industry in Jalandhar (Punjab) and to examine the factors affecting export orientation. To achieve the objectives, a total of 30 units exporting sports goods were selected from a list of 263 units as given by the Sports Goods Export Promotion Council (SGEPC). The respondents were chosen on random basis. It was found that for all the issues related to marketing activities, these units had an ethnocentric approach with few exceptions like identification of foreign markets, product pricing and channel selection in which regiocentric orientation is followed. The main forces driving export in sports goods industry are quality, cost and market demand. On the other hand, cost, market difference and capital requirement are the major forces restraining export of sports goods. The major problems plaguing the sports goods industry in Jalandhar are lack of brand name and competition from other exporting countries like China.

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