The detachment and migration of colloidal particles is an important cause of permeability decline in the near wellbore region. It is shown that polymerizable ultra thin film can be utilized to immobilize fines on pore surfaces. The Surface Adsorption Polymerization (SAP) process developed here is a three step process requiring a sequential injection of a specific concentration of the surfactant, monomer, and initiator. An ionic surfactant is first adsorbed on the solid substrate or the porous medium. In the second step, a monomer is injected that preferentially resides in the surfactant layer. In the final step, an initiator is used to polymerize the monomer on the surface to form a solid ultra thin film which IS very stable and effectively

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India is the largest democracy in the world. The revolution of the Internet has brought a new agenda for the government. With the help of information and communication technology, it is possible that we can provide facilities to people sitting away without much physical effort. E-services have been operating for better efficiency and transparency proving to be digital innovation for the hilly areas. This study makes an effort to understand the citizens’ perception to welcome e-district practices in online service delivery. It is based on the field survey of 30 Common Service Centres of Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh. The results of this study show that Common Service Centres practice are a popular medium in service delivery in rural and hilly areas, but there is still a lack of proper infrastructure and Internet connectivity. The study finds that eliminating the digital divide in the system is necessary in a developing nation like India to implement e-governance services properly.

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-CNT nanofluids deliver better rate of heat transfer due to the presence of CNTs which are having high thermal conductivity. Since CNTs are hydrophobic in nature , they entangle themselves and form agglomerates specially in polar solvents. The agglomerates settle down with time and cause reduction in thermo-physical properties and hence lose their potential to deliver better rate of heat transfer. This characteristic of CNT nanofluids requires an efficient preparation method which can provide uniform dispersion of CNTs for a longer duration. This study has been focused on preparation of long term stable CNT nanofluids having effective dispersion of CNTs by the removal of agglomerates which were formed during preparation. To disperse CNTs in water two type of surfactants i.e. sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and gum arabic (GA) were used followed by ultrasonication. Based on results, it was analyzed that there is an optimum concentration of both the surfactants which provide maximum dispersion of pristine (p-CNTS) and functionalized (f-CNTS) at particular ultrasonication time. The maximum dispersion concentration of f-CNTs was found to be more than p-CNTs under same conditions. The dispersion of CNTs was more in case when GA was used as surfactant in comparison to SDBS irrespective of ultrasonication time while the thermal conductivity was more for SDBS based CNT nanofluids instead of GA irrespective of type of CNTs. The thermal conductivity of CNT nanofluids was sufficiently high that can be utilized in industries where there is requirement of heat transfer.