In the present globalization economic world, exchange rate plays a major role in every country's economic activity. Here, exchange rate policy has been identified as one of the endogenous factors that can affect the economic performance of a nation. Exchange rate plays a key role in international economic transactions because no nation can remain in isolation due to varying factor endowment. Movements in the exchange rate have ripple effects on other economic growth. The study used secondary data that were collected from the World Development Indicators data base and analysed. The study used the ordinary least square and VECM Granger Causality method of estimation for data covered the period from 1990 to 2017. The results from the econometric analyses show that there is a short‐run relationship between exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate and GDP. The result obtained from the unit root analysis indicates that least one time series variable property is stationary. The study concludes that in India, the factors that influence the level of growth rate are extent of exchange rate and its variables. Based on the findings, from the Granger causality investigation procedure at 5% critical value are EXCH, INT, INF, IMP and EXP among other variables that affect economic growth. The study recommends the need to be technologically inclined in all sectors of Indian economy; excess and over budgetary inflation and implementation should be cut to barest minimal level to avert the ideal of external borrowing which most consequently result in external debt and services. The Indian government should show the path of redirecting its investment profile by channelling it towards capital projects of the government.

The exchange rate is a very important key financial variable that affects decisions made by the foreign exchange investors, exporters, importers, bankers, businesses, financial institutions, policymakers, and tourists in the developed as well as the developing world. Exchange rate fluctuations affect the value of international investment portfolios, competitiveness of exports and imports, value of international reserves, currency value of debt payments, and the cost of tourists. Movements in exchange rates thus have very important implications for any country's economy's business cycle, trade, and capital flows and are therefore crucial for understanding financial developments and changes in economic policy. The study will be looking at the various aspects of country's economic policy with respect to the exchange rate and modeling and forecasting the exchange rate. The study will be analyzing India's exchange rate story and will be discussing the structure of the foreign exchange market in India in terms of participants, instruments, and trading platform as also a turnover in the Indian foreign exchange market and forward premia. The study will be attempting to develop a model for the rupee–dollar exchange rate taking into account variables from monetary and microstructure models as well as other variables including intervention by the central bank. The main focus will be on the exchange rate of the Indian rupee vis‐à‐vis the U.S. dollar, that is, the Re/$ rate. The data will be covering from January 1990 through April 2013. This study will be examining the forecasting performance of the monetary model and various extensions of it in the vector autoregressive and Bayesian vector autoregressive framework.

No abstract

In the present global world environmental sustainability has become an important element in achieving a long-term development policy. Nowadays, developing countries like India struggling to deal with these concerns, which all requires a specific treatment. On this basis, this study is to investigate the causal relationship between emissions, economic growth and energy consumption for India over the time period of 1990-2019. The study is applied Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to look at the long-run dynamics, while the Vector Error Correction (VECM) model is applied to identify causal direction. The ARDL test confirms that there is a long-run relationship exists between the variables. The VECM results reveal that there is a long-run causality in emissions, GDP and EC. A range of diagnostic tests were also used to confirm the validity and reliability of the results. The results also point out to a unidirectional causality running from emissions to economic growth to energy consumption, from energy consumption to emissions. This study reveals new findings that contribute the existing literature and may be of particular interest to the country’s policymakers in light of the economic system and role of in environmental issues.

Betulinic acid is a compound isolated from bark of Ziziphus jujuba. Betulinic acid,a triterpenoid. Betulinic acid exhibits a broad range of biological activities. It is an insect growth regulator, we observed the effect of different concentrations (10, 8, 6, 4and 2 μg / μl doses) Betulinic acid on Callosobruchus chinensis growth and development, in our observations we observed various morphological abnormalities like degeneration, deformation in larval, pupal stages. Untreated Callosobruchus chinensis showed normal in the developmental stages with the larval instar stages and henceforth developimg into pupa without any deformities. However Betulinic acid affected larval instars showed disrupted structures of the cuticle like tanning of cuticle and abnormal larvae over-aged larva with either complete or partial damage of pupa. The results demonstrated that Betulinic acid causes rapid cessation of growth due to disruption of larval structure and inhibition of growth following topical treatment on 4th 5th instar and pupae of Callosobruchus chinensis.