A pilarnil, ilk olarak Nicola Iliesu tarafından 1980 yılında Romanya'daki psikotik, nörodejeneratif ve cinsel rahatsızlıklara sahip olan yaşlılarda kullanılan erkek bal arısı (Apis mellifera) homojenatıdır. Yüksek besin değerine sahip olup ucuz bir biyolojik aktif madde kaynağıdır. İçeriğinde su (%65-75), proteinler (%9-12), karbohidratlar (%6-12), yağ asitleri ve lipitler (%3,5-8) K, Na, Ca, Mg mineralleri (%1-1,5), amino asitler (treonin, lösin, izolösin, metiyonin) ve ayrıca testosteron, prolaktin, progesteron ve östradiol gibi cinsiyet hormonlarınca zengindir. Apilarnilin lipid kısmında tanımlanan bazı kimyasallar ve hormonlar androjenik etki oluşturabilmektedir. Androjen eksikliği sendromu yaşayan hastalarda Apilarnil, androjen artışı sağlayabilir. Düşük androjenik aktivite, androjen eksikliği sendromu olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Androjen eksikliği sendromu, erken yaşlarda penis ve testislerin gelişiminin azalmasına neden olmakta ve ergenliği engellemektedir. Gençlerde jinekomasti, yüz, vücut ya da kasık tüyleri ile ses gelişiminde zayıflıklara sebep olmakta, yetişkinlerde ise ruh hali değişiklikleri, kas kuvveti azalması, vücut yağında artış, libido azalması, ereksiyon zorluğu, düşük sperm hacmi ve jinekomasti gibi sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu makalede androjenik içeriğe sahip olan Apilarnilin androjen eksikliği sendromuna etkili olup olmadığı ve kullanılabileceği alanlar, literatürdeki Apilarnil ile ilgili çalışmalar derlenerek hazırlanmış ve yorumlanmıştır.

BACKGROUND Varroa control is essential for the maintenance of healthy honey bee colonies. Overuse of acaricides has led to the evolution of resistance to those substances. Studies of the short‐term acaricidal effects and safety of various lithium (Li) salts recently have been reported. This study examined the long‐term in vitro and in vivo bee toxicities, short‐term motor toxicity to bees and long‐term anti‐Varroa field efficacy of several Li salts. RESULTS In an in vitro chronic‐toxicity assay, lithium citrate (18.8 mm) was the most toxic of the examined salts, followed by lithium lactate (29.5 mm), and lithium formate (32.5 mm). In terms of acute locomotor toxicity to bees, all of the Li salts were well‐tolerated and none of the treatment groups differed from the negative control group. In an in vitro survival study, all of the Li treatments significantly reduced bee life spans by a factor of 1.8–7.2, as compared to the control. In terms of life expectancy, lithium citrate was the most toxic salt, with no significant differences noted between lithium formate and lithium lactate. In the bee‐mortality field study, none of the examined treatments differed from the negative control. Amitraz and lithium formate exhibited similar acaricide effects, which were significantly different from those observed for lithium lactate and the negative control. CONCLUSION In light of lithium formate's honey bee safety and efficacy as an acaricide, additional sublethal toxicity studies in brood, drones and queens, as well as tests aimed at the optimization of administration frequency are warranted. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The testis displays striking anatomical divergence among primates. Multi-male species, such as chimpanzees, have recurrently evolved large testicles relative to single-male species, such as humans. However, the developmental mechanisms behind testis divergence and whether they involve convergent molecular changes, have remained unknown. Through comparative analysis of transcriptomic data, we show that a species' testis expression profile, like testis size, can be a reliable indicator of mating type among primates, and possibly murids. Differential expression, in turn, largely reflects changes in the relative proportions of somatic/pre-meiotic versus meiotic/post-meiotic cell types. By studying mouse and macaque testis development, we find that single-male species' testis expression profiles are paedomorphic relative to multi-male species' profiles. For instance, human and gorilla testis profiles resemble those of adolescent mice. Our results suggest that heterochronic shifts involving conserved transcription regulators have been repeatedly employed in primate evolution, leading to rapid, convergent changes in testis size and histology.

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The effects of acute sublethal doses of coumaphos, an acaricide used against Varroa destructor infestation in beekeeping, on the locomotor activities of four native honeybee subspecies of Türkiye including two ecotypes (Carniolan honeybee -A. m. carnica, Syrian honeybee -A. m. syriaca, Caucasian honeybee- A. m. caucasica, and Muğla and Yığılca ecotypes of Anatolian honeybee A. m. anatoliaca) were investigated using an individual locomotor activity monitoring system. Analysis of locomotor activity data in the first 12-h, last 12-h, and 24-h time periods showed that bees from caucasica and carnica subspecies were not affected by coumaphos at all three acute doses (1, 2, and 5 μg coumaphos in 10 μl sucrose syrup for each bee). In contrast, bees from A. m. syriaca subspecies showed significantly elevated locomotor activity levels at 2 and 5 μg coumaphos doses within the first 12 h. Bees from both Muğla and Yığılca ecotypes of anatoliaca subspecies also showed elevated locomotor activity levels at 5 μg coumaphos dose but the magnitude of increase was lower in these ecotypes compared to that seen in syriaca subspecies in the first 12-h period. In general, increasing doses of coumaphos resulted in increased locomotor activity (locomotor activity), with differences in sensitivity across honeybee populations. Possible mechanisms underlying this variance and suggestions for further studies are discussed.