Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of archaeological papyrus damage and monitoring the mechanics of damage caused by black inks to the chemical properties of ancient papyrus. Design/methodology/approach This study the papyrus surface with a digital microscopy “USB,” examination and analyzing by “Scanning Electron Microscope,” characterization of black ink used in writing the ancient papyrus using “Scanning Electron Microscopy” with (EDX). Detection of changes in the chemical bonds of ancient papyrus samples by “Fourier transform infrared” FTIR. Findings The result confirmed that SEM examination showed the organization of the parenchyma cells that make up papyrus tissue. Characteristic waveform appears, it indicates the ancient Egyptian manufacturer’s use of the (Strips Method) in the process of manufacturing the archaeological papyrus. Also, the appearance of (Over Lapping) stacking of papyrus slides. EDX analysis showed that the black ink used to write the papyrus was (Carbon Ink). High oxygen content in the papyrus sample analysis indicates deterioration of the cellulose fibers. FTIR spectrum showed that Arabic gum is the bonding material for carbon ink particles, it also showed that archaeological papyrus suffers from hydrolysis due to exposure of papyrus fibers to high moisture content or direct water, resulting in smudge, bleeding and fading of carbon ink on the archaeological papyrus support. Originality/value The study is archaeological papyrus with black ink scripts from the excavation of the Qasr I brim.

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The research addresses the structural restoration from the geometric perspective of the archaeological establishment and highlights the ways and means of restoring the facility in sound engineering methods from reinforcement and reinforcement to reaching the jaw and installation works if required in initiating various treatment processes, it is necessary to know and examine the relationship between the treatment material, the installation of the stone and the methods used to treat the impact. In order for the treatment to be carried out in a meaningful manner, we must not only know the nature and characteristics of the physical or chemical reinforced product and the mechanical functioning of the stone, but also the product's ability to penetrate, treat the quarantine and reduce its location.

Policies and strategies to counter climate change in heritage sites have become increasingly important in recent years. These sites, rich in cultural and historical significance, are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures, sea-level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and changing precipitation patterns. Protecting and preserving these sites is crucial not only for their cultural value but also for their potential as educational resources and tourism attractions. To address the unique challenges posed by climate change, various policies and strategies have been implemented. These measures aim to reduce the vulnerability of heritage sites, enhance their resilience, and mitigate the potential damages caused by climate change. Some key aspects of these policies and strategies include risk assessment and management, conservation and restoration practices, sustainable tourism and visitor management, energy efficiency and renewable energy adoption, water management strategies, public awareness and education, and international collaboration.Risk assessment and management involve identifying the specific risks that heritage sites face due to climate change and developing appropriate measures to address and mitigate these risks. This may include implementing structural reinforcements, establishing monitoring systems, and creating emergency response plans. Conservation and restoration practices consider the impacts of climate change on heritage sites. This involves using climate-resilient materials and techniques during restoration projects to ensure the long-term sustainability and preservation of these sites. Sustainable tourism and visitor management focus on minimizing the environmental footprint of visitors to heritage sites. This can involve limiting visitor numbers, implementing waste management systems, and raising awareness about sustainable practices among visitors.

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