Objective Nursing students are exposed to several stressors during their studies and training. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of stress experienced by nursing students at Albaha University, KSA and the coping strategies they subsequently employ. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by a simple random sampling technique on 125 nursing students during their clinical practice. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographic variables, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Coping Behavior Inventory. Results Of the 125 participants, 48% were male and 52% were female. The mean age was 21 ± 1.56 years, and they were mostly single 110 (88%). Approximately 65 (52%) were very satisfied and 41 (32.8%) were satisfied with their clinical practice. The main stressors were noise (20; 16%), moving location (nine; 7.2%), social interaction (seven; 5.6%), and personal illness (seven; 5.6%). The perceived stress provoking factors included taking care of patients (1.56 ± 0.45), assignments and workload (1.60 ± 043), lack of professional knowledge and skills (1.24 ± 0.45), field of practice (1.47 ± 0.49), peers and daily life (1.89 ± 0.67), and teachers and nursing staff at hospitals (1.45 ± 079). The strategies used by students to minimise stress included taking a problem-solving approach (1.84 ± 067), staying optimistic (1.56 ± 076), transference (1.34 ± 1.20), and avoidance (1.23 ± 056). Conclusion The nursing students in the study cohort were exposed to moderate stress due to different stressors. In response, they frequently used a problem-solving approach and avoidance. However, a standard protocol by institutions is required to help reduce stress among nursing students.

Context: Pregnancy is associated with normal physiological adaptive changes. Biochemical parameters reflect these changes and are distinct from the non-pregnant state. Low levels of health literacy have been shown to result in less healthy choices, riskier behavior, poorer health, less self-management, and more hospitalization among that category of adult patients. Aim: The study aimed to examine the effect of pregnancy on liver function tests among pregnant women during various trimesters of pregnancy and compare with non-pregnant and determine the patients' level of health literacy regarding the variation of liver function tests among those patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to achieve the study aim. A random sample of 65 women was selected from an outpatient clinic in the maternity hospital; 54 out of them were pregnant women. Three tools were used to collect data, socio-demographic and clinical data assessment sheet; assessment of liver function tests by Cobas c 311; and health literacy management scale. Results: The sample's age range was between 20-40 years. This study revealed that; serum albumin levels decreased from the first trimester (3.7-4.7), and this decrease became progressively more accentuated as the pregnancy advanced (3.35-4.36 decreased significantly to 3.19-3.81). There was no significant decrease in serum AST between pregnant and non-pregnant women, but there was a significant decrease in ALT in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women (11.90 Vs. 8.60 at p 0.017). In the current study, Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly higher (P˂0.0001) during the third trimester (63-171) compared with the second trimester (33-137), and the first trimester (36-129), and with the control group (48-122). Finally, it was found that a significant decrease in total serum bilirubin concentrations during the second (0.11-0.38) and third trimesters (0.12-0.42) compared to control (0.11-1.57) and the first trimester (0.12-0.85). Moreover, most of the studied sample has a low level of health literacy for all subscales and the total scores. Conclusion: During normal pregnancy, most values of liver function tests remain below the normal upper limits compared to non-pregnant women. Any increase in serum ALT and AST activity levels and serum bilirubin should be considered pathologic and prompt for further evaluation. Moreover, most of the studied sample has a low level of health literacy for all subscales and the total scores. The study recommended that the liver function tests should be routinely investigated during pregnancy to outline any pathologic changes. Focusing on the nurse's role, she should emphasize increasing the patient's level of health literacy regarding the variation of liver function tests. So, it is a must for nurses to develop many skills to enable them to function for this category of patients with low health literacy levels. Also, those patients should be equipped with information-seeking behavior, decision-making abilities, and problem-solving approaches along their health and illness continuum.

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Background: Post-mastectomy exercise is an important part of female breast cancer patients' recovery after mastectomy as well as after radiotherapy to maintain their shoulder movement and to prevent side effects as radiation-induced fibrosis. These exercises can increase shoulder and arm motion and usually be started in a few days. Aim: To evaluate the effect of booklet-based education versus mobile-based education on women's knowledge and practice related lymphedema regarding post mastectomy exercise. Design: A quasiexperimental research design was used with a pre-and post-test. Setting: The research was conducted at the outpatient clinic of Fayoum Oncology Center, Fayoum governorate, Egypt. Subjects: A purposive sample of 200 post-mastectomy women was included (100 were taught using a mobile Whats app application and 100 were taught using a booklet). Tools: Tool I: women' structured interviewing questionnaire, it included three parts: (a) demographic characteristics; (b) women' medical data, (c) clinical manifestations of lymphedema include swelling, induration, skin changes, and decreased functionality of the affected limb, Tool II: women' knowledge regarding post mastectomy exercise, and Tool III: women' practices regarding post mastectomy exercise (pre/post). Results: The study results indicated that the main source of knowledge among post-mastectomy women was doctors. The results revealed that the knowledge and practices of both groups were improved posteducation. The mobile-based education group showed more improvement in their knowledge compared to the booklet -based education group. There were statistically significant correlations between total knowledge and practice scores of the studied women. A significant improvement was detected between the two groups regarding improving degree of arm lymphedema post education Conclusion: Mobile-based education was more effective in improving post-mastectomy women's knowledge and practices regarding post mastectomy exercise than those who taught by booklet-based education. Recommendations: Mobilebased educational methods can be used for post mastectomy women regarding post mastectomy exercise to improve their knowledge and practices.