This study examines the impact of financial development on inflation in Tanzania using time series data from 1980 to 2020. By employing the VECM analysis method, the study contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between financial development and inflation. The findings reveal that financial development has a significant long-run impact on inflation in Tanzania, resulting in a reduction in inflation in the country. However, in the short run, the impact of financial development on inflation is not statistically significant. Therefore, the study recommends that the government implement appropriate regulatory policies and supervise financial institutions to promote financial sector stability. Further, to promote financial sector stability, greater financial inclusion, higher investment, and economic growth, the government should improve financial market infrastructure, expand the coverage of financial institutions, and increase access to credit. Additionally, fostering the development of more efficient payment systems, particularly electronic payment systems, can mitigate expenses and potential risks associated with cash transactions. Moreover, promoting financial inclusion can reduce the need for cash and enhance the efficacy of monetary policy, serving as a preventive measure against inflationary pressures and unnecessary credit growth.

As an outcome of agricultural activities, land degradation causes detrimental impacts on the environment and soil. It requires sustainable measures to combat the problem that is becoming critical worldwide. Despite many technological improvement programmes in agriculture, especially on land conservation, adoption has remained low in many developing countries. This situation triggered a further investigation into potential factors influencing sustainable land management practices (SLMPs) adoption in Mbulu district, a semiarid area in northern Tanzania so as to determine and suggest appropriate measures that can promote greater adoption. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data from 120 farmers was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The adoption index was computed and determined the level of SLMPs adoption to be low. Probit regression analysis examined the factors influencing the adoption of SLMPs. Results show that gender, marital status, education, land size, and the distance to the extension office significantly influenced the adoption of SLMPs. Specifically, being male, widowed, having formal education, owning a larger size of land, and being closer to the extension office significantly increased the likelihood of the adoption. Also, being unmarried and unaware of SLMPs reduced the probability of the adoption. Awareness-raising programmes must be more targeted and effective to reach the intended audience. In addition, promoting sustainable land management practices that support income diversification and livelihood improvement is crucial in the study area. Furthermore, the adoption of sustainable land management practices requires supportive policy and institutional frameworks in the study area. Overall, addressing these factors requires a multi-faceted approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including farmers, communities, the government, civil society organisations, and the private sector. By working together, these stakeholders can create an enabling environment that promotes SLMPs adoption and contributes to more sustainable livelihoods and income diversification in the study area.