<span lang="EN-US">Reserve the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) lifetime for as long as possible is a current goal. In WSNs, sensors are often limited in power. However, uneven power consumption (UPC) reduces lifetime, and its deterioration is considered one of the most critical problems. Therefore, balancing the energy consumption is a significant issue in the WSN, necessitating a routing protocol that is energy-efficient that extends the life of the network. A few protocols have been used to balance energy use across network nodes. This paper proposed a routing protocol energy-saving called Bacterial foraging optimization routing protocol (BFORP). BFORP attempts to investigate the problem of the life of WSNs. It can decrease the routing of excessive messages that may result in severe energy waste by recycling the information that frequents the source node into the sink. In the proposed method, the preferable node in the sending routes may be chosen by prioritizing the lowest traffic load, the highest residual energy, and the shortest path to the sink. In comparison to the known protocols used in routing, the results of the simulation have proven the efficacy of the suggested protocol in lowering energy employment and reducing the delay of end-to-end.</span>

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The sensor nodes' computing capability, communication capabilities, and power supply are severely constrained in WSNs, making sensor battery replacement or recharging difficult or even impossible. Therefore, energy is an important challenge to consider while creating WSNs. In hazardous circumstances, accurate data aggregation and routing are crucial, and the energy consumption of sensors must be closely controlled. Due to environmental conditions and short-distance sensors, however, there is a high possibility of duplicating data. Large datasets include a range of data, some of which are helpful while others are entirely unnecessary. This redundancy reduces performance in terms of redundant transmission and computation expense. Data aggregation, on the other hand, may reduce duplicate data in a network, hence reducing the volume of data sent and increasing the network's lifespan. In this context, two novel energy-conscious approaches called Fuzzy Data Aggregation with Spider monkey optimization (FDA-SMORP) for data aggregation in the cluster head and routing to the sink are presented. These strategies attempt to offset the energy consumption among all nodes in a wireless network such that these nodes exhaust all of their energy and die almost simultaneously. To demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested approaches in terms of minimizing delay caused by route planning, balancing energy usage, and extending network lifetime, the proposed methods are compared to some of the most well-known WSN systems. Povzetek: Razvit je sistem za nadzorovanje potrošnje energije v senzorskih brezžičnih omrežjih.

Because of the reliability of deployment, cost efficiency, and flexibility of ad-hoc wireless local networks (WLAN). These wireless networks have grown to be the everywhere connection solution in residential and public access networking protocols. It is important to know which strategy performs better with the least amount of delay. The Multiple Access Control protocols (MAC) that are relied on ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as random access techniques, have substantially aided the rapid growth of such wireless access networks. This work provides a model-based design approach for modeling CSMA/CA and ALOHA random-access protocols for packetizing wireless networks. We analyze the TX and Back-off waveforms of the PHY/MAC transceiver of three radio nodes under CSMA/CA and ALOHA operation modes and compare the obtained results of the PHY/MAC Transceiver for the network nodes according to these modes. Every node is within a range such that the communication between each couple of nodes can be interfered with and received data from the third node. The MAC layer and the logical link control function composed the data link layer. Since the same radio band is used for TX and RX, the MAC function employed here is CSMA/CA and ALOHA, which had also called a random back-off. The MAC layer sends a control signal to the TX block to transmit either a data frame or an acknowledgment frame. The frame contents are loaded in the look-up tables. The contents can be changed in the workspace. The output of this block is a complex baseband IQ signal. The obtained results show the effectiveness of CSMA/CA over ALOHA modes when comparing the corresponding Back-off waveforms and when calculating the throughput values of the three network nodes