According to the United Nations Population Division, the older population will reach 200 million by 2050. However, fertility has declined almost in all regions of the world (World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, 2019). An ageing population and declining birth rates increase the burden on dwindling supply of caregivers, while it makes nursing homes more important. By 2019, China had 173,300 nursing institutions and facilities for the older people, with 7.353 million beds (Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Social Services Development Bulletin of China, 2020). In the US, about 1.2 million people age 65 and over were resided in nursing homes (Older Americans 2016: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2020). As nursing homes grow, so do problems. World Health Organization stated that more than 50% of people older than age 65 fall each year in nursing homes causing injuries or even death (World Health Organization. World Report on Ageing and Health, 2020). Moreover, the problem of falls in nursing homes leading to a a great deal of extra staff time and extra costs (Sterke et al., 2018). Therefore, preventing older people from falling in nursing homes has become one of the most important issues. The operational definition of physical exercise suitable for use in research is planned, structured, repetitive and regular activities with

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Numerous recent studies reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) also exists in the peripheral blood to regulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of lymphocytes. Besides the role of BDNF in neuron repair, circulatory BDNF also enhances the proliferation and reduces apoptosis of lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphocytes express both BDNF and its receptors. Increasing evidence has indicated that altered BDNF serum levels significantly affect patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and may also be linked to the pathogenesis of diseases. For instance, systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune inflammatory disease involving multiple organs, is frequently linked to altered B lymphocyte function, imbalance of T-cell subpopulations and loss of immune tolerance, which dysregulates the immune regulatory network with excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The present review summarized studies that suggest a potential link between circulatory BDNF and autoimmune inflammatory diseases.