Chromosome numbers are reported here for the first time from 117 individuals of Solidago rugosa and S. fistulosa. Including 178 previously published reports for the two species plus S. latissimifolia, chromosome numbers have been determined from 295 individuals from 269 locations. Only diploids (2n = 18) were found throughout the range of S. fistulosa on the coastal plain in the eastern U.S.A. (44 counts). Diploids (2n = 18) were found in the northern portion of the range of S. latissimifolia, and tetraploids (2n = 36) and hexaploids (2n = 54) were found in the central and southern portions of the range (nine counts in total). Diploids (2n = 18) were found throughout the range of S. rugosa in much of eastern North America in four of the five varieties (northern var. rugosa, var. sphagnophila; southern var. aspera and var. celtidifolia). Tetraploids (2n = 36) were found in all four of these varieties and exclusively in var. cronquistiana in the southern high Appalachian Mountains. Hexaploids (2n = 54) were found in var. sphagnophila at scattered locations. One possible hexaploid in var. rugosa was found in the Allegheny Mountains. The diversity in ploidy levels was independent of the size of the range and the diversity of growing conditions among the three species of S. subsect. Venosae.

The Farmers in agroecosystems generally do not know that the existence of fruit bats in agroecosystems is very important because of their function as pollinators for various types of horticultural crops with high economic value, such as durian and other plants that are chiropterophilic. The purpose of this paper is to determine the types of fruit bats (Family Pteropodidae), their role in the agroecosystem, and their role as durian pollinators and their economic contribution to Java. The procedure for preparing this paper, data is collected and selected from relevant literature with the subject matter of the study, then the data is analyzed descriptively-qualitatively-comparative, then the annual economic value is calculated from the durian production produced. It turns out that Java Island is inhabited by fruit bats of 8 genera and 12 species, namely Macroglossus minimus, M. Sobrinus; Eonycteris spelaea; Aetalops alecto; Chinorax melanocephalus; Cynopterus brachyotis, C. horsfiledii and C. titthaecheil; Megaerops kusnotoi; Pteropus vampyrus; Rousettus amplexicaudatus and R. leschenaulti. Five (5) types of which are found in the agroecosystem of Kokap District, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta. The positive role of fruit bats in the largest agro-ecosystem in Java Island is as a pollinator. Fruit bats have been shown to exclusively pollinate durian plants. On the island of Java, there is only 1 type of durian Durio zibethinus naturally found and in various areas different local durian cultivars are cultivated. The durian trade is very popular, especially during the durian season and starting in 2019 Indonesia does not import durian. If the price of durian at the farmer level is IDR 10,000 / kg, then in 2019, the economic value of durian in Java Island is at least more than 6 trillion rupiah / year), and in Kokap District, Kulonprogo Regency it is more than 10 billion rupiah / year. In conclusion, the annual local economic contribution of fruit bats in the agroecosystem is important, especially when the economic value of other chiropterphilus plants is added, such as petai, kapok randu. This information should be disseminated to agro-ecosystem farming communities to inspire their active roles in efforts to preserve the existence of fruit bats in their respective areas.

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<p>Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) is Bali’s endemic bird. Their number is decreasing gradually in the wild (Balen et al., 2000). Its bright color of white feather and blue skin that surrounded its eye have made them easy to be hunted when it perched on abranch. Bali Myna was classified as endangered species by International Union of Conservation and Natural resources (IUCN) in 1977 (Whitten et al. 1999). There is a captive breeding in Tegal Bunder, Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) called Bali Myna Guidance Centre to increase wild population as an effort to prevent extinction. There, its conditions should be monitored regularly to keep them in prime condition, before being released for breeding purpose. Their condition could be controlled by monitoring their daily activities.</p>

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