Background Salivary tumors have various morphological features and might share some histopathological findings. They are considered a problematic area in diagnosis due to complex clinicopathological features and different biological behavior. Objective To identify the pathological behavior of salivary tumors immunohistochemically. Methodology This retrospective study involved thirty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of salivary gland tumors. These tumors were stained immunohistochemically with syndecan-1 and cyclin D1. Chi-Square test was used to relate immunoscoring, intracellular localization, intensity, and invasion to different salivary tumors. The correlation of these two markers was done by spearman‘s rho test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.69 ± 17.7. The parotid gland was the most commonly reported site in benign tumors, and regarding malignant tumors, maxilla was the most prevalent site. Syndecan-1 in benign tumors showed a predominate score 3, most widely detected in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant salivary tumors showed 89.4% positive expression with a more frequent score 3, most commonly found in adenocystic carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expressed in all benign salivary tumors, with prominent diffuse mixed intracellular localization in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant tumors revealed an expression of 94.7%. Moderate scoring with mixed intracellular localization was recorded in adenocystic carcinoma, followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma. There was a significant correlation between the two markers in response to the distribution of immunostaining in different cell compartments. Conclusion Syndecan-1 and cyclin D1 showed a significant combined role in salivary tumor progression. Interestingly notable ductal-myoepithelial cells affect epithelial morphogenesis, and growth of pleomorphic adenoma was observed. Furthermore, basophilic cells of cribriform adenocystic carcinomas might control the aggressiveness and proliferation rate of these tumors.

Background: Few updated retrospective histopathological-based studies in Iraq evaluate a comprehensive spectrum of oro-maxillofacial lesions. Also, there was a need for a systematic way of categorizing the diseases and reporting results in codes according to the WHO classification that helps occupational health professionals in the clinical-epidemiological approach. Objectives: to establish an electronic archiving database according to the ICD-10 that encompasses oro-maxillofacial lesions in Sulaimani city for the last 12 years, then to study the prevalence trend and correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Subjects and Methods:  A descriptive-analytical study included the archived records from three major histopathological centers in Sulaimani (College of Dentistry, Shahid Saifaldeen, and Shorsh Hospitals), related to surgical biopsies of oro-maxillofacial lesions performed between 2008 and 2019 in Sulaimani. Data were tabulated in an excel sheet and analyzed. Results: This study involved 2100 oro-maxillofacial lesions, male: female ratio was  1:1.2, and a mean age of 41.03±19.51 years old. The most frequently involved sites were; the lip (14.5%), followed by the gum and alveolar ridge (14.2%). 69.4% of cases were non-neoplastic lesions. The neoplastic lesions were significantly (P=.000) observed in old patients with a mean age of 46.1±21.09, mostly epithelial tumors (39.1%), followed by connective tissue tumors (19.5%). Malignant connective tissue tumors were more frequently seen than benign ones (52.5% versus 47.5%). The non-neoplastic lesions revealed predominate soft tissue lesions (45.2%), followed by salivary gland diseases (13.8%), with a mean age of 38.26±18.8. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common epithelial tumor, while haemangioma was predominant among connective tissue tumors Conclusions: ICD-10 classification of oro-maxillofacial lesions in Sulaimani city helps establish a standardized coding database system for clinicopathological distribution. However, the majority of recorded lesions were non-neoplastic especially diagnosed as soft tissue lesions. Still, neoplastic lesions with their minor distribution deserve great attention as they threaten patients’ lives.

This study evaluates the cytomorphometric measures of cells obtained from the buccal mucosa of dental students to assess the fluctuation of the cellular characteristics among relatively normal subjects, with any potential correlations with demographic information, different habits, and hormonal disturbance. This prospective study included 100 dental students with no detectable oral alterations submitted to brush cytology. The smears were fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. The stained section was observed under an image analyzer for cytomorphometric analysis. Cytopathological observations were recorded, including inflammation, microbial colonies, micronuclei, keratinization, overlapping, and hemorrhage. Chi-square tests were applied for non-parametric variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the cytometric parameters to habits and hormonal disturbances. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed close proximity among subjects in the matter of cytomorphometric measures; no significant influence of sex, smoking, alcohol drinking habits, and menstruation was found on cytomorphometric diameters or cytopathological observation, and vice versa, while polycystic ovary syndrome impacted nuclear and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (p = 0.003, p = 0.02), respectively. Oral exfoliative cytology combined with cytomorphometric analysis for the studied normal individuals can be helpful in various investigations of oral and systemic diseases.

Objective: This study was carried out, aiming to analyze the frequency and factors related to dental and maxillofacial findings, caries experience, and oral hygiene status among Kurdish Children with Cerebral Palsy in Sulaimani governorate.   Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 cerebral palsy children. They were subjected to extra and intraoral examination for dental and maxillofacial changes after obtaining medical and dental histories. The mean DMF/dmf index, significant caries index, met need index (MNI), restorative index (RI), and simplified oral hygiene index, were recorded. Independent t-test, Chi-square tests, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data, and P-value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Nearly half of our cerebral palsy children were delivered by Cesarean section, diagnosed after birth with jaundice and had mental retardation. The premature delivery associated with cerebral palsy types (P=.006). Extra-oral features were normal in 41% of children. Hypertelorism was the predominant facial finding (48%), and 55% showed malocclusion (class II & III). Dental caries was observed in 55% of the patients, mostly in the primary dentition (mean dmft index =3.18) and the significant caries index =8.69. The MNI (=0.455) and RI (=0.412) were higher in the permanent dentition. The majority of children had good oral hygiene. No correlation was found between cerebral palsy and the studied parameters. Conclusions: Children with cerebral palsy showed a high incidence of dental caries in primary dentition, malocclusion, and surprisingly good oral hygiene, but none of which was correlated to any type of cerebral palsy.

Background  Fine needle aspiration cytology has been considered as the first-step procedure for microscopic evaluation of any mass or swelling in the head and neck area and the entire body following taking a full history and physical examination. It is considered as an alternative procedure to open surgical biopsy. On the other hand, imprint cytology is a well-recognized simple technique. Imprint cytology can be used as an adjunct to or as a substitute for frozen section method; since it has been proven to be more efficient than frozen section, and has higher concordance with histological results Objectives  To improve clinical and diagnostic cytological experiences among oral pathologists, compare the results of cytological techniques with that of routine histopathological findings, and specify the merits and pitfalls of the above techniques. Materials and Methods A prospective study is conducted on 66 patients indicated for FNA. In 27 cases, histological examinations were available for comparison with cytological diagnosis, among which 20 cases had imprint cytology. All samples were stained with H&E and Pap stain, while salivary gland lesions were additionally stained with Diff-quick. Cytological specimens were compared with the histopathological examination to find diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV). Results Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed on 62 patients, 25 males, and 37 females. The total benign lesions were the commonest (46.7%), followed by inflammatory lesions (38.7%), then malignant lesions (14.5%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was 88.8%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75%, 94.7%, 85.7%, and 90% respectively. Whereas in imprint cytology 4 cases were diagnosed as malignant, 11 cases as benign and 5 cases as inflammatory. The diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology was 90%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 66.6%, 100%, 100%, 87.5%, and 90% respectively.  Conclusion Fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC showed 88.8% diagnostic accuracy, while imprint cytology has a slightly higher diagnostic accuracy of 90% for head and neck lesion.