IL-17A is a cytokine which is produced by several immune and non-immune cells. The cytokine plays dual roles from protection from microbes and protection from pro-inflammatory based diseases to induction of the pro-inflammatory based diseases. The main mechanisms which lead to the controversial roles of IL-17A are yet to be clarified. Gut microbiota (GM) are the resident probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts which have been introduced as a plausible regulator of IL-17A production and functions. This review article describes the recent information regarding the roles played by GM in determination of IL-17A functions outcome.

Background Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded by various active compounds can be used for targeted drug delivery. Objectives: In the present study, the Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles that contained gentamicin were prepared and their antibacterial activities were studied. Materials and Methods MNPs containing gentamicin (G@SA-MNPs) were prepared using sodium alginate (SA) as a surface modifier. After and before coating, the prepared MNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Finally, the antibacterial effect of the MNPs was investigated by a conventional serial agar dilution method. Results Particle size distribution analysis showed that the size of MNPs, before and after coating, was in the range of 1–18 nm and 12–40 nm, respectively. The magnetization curve of G@SA-MNPs (with saturation magnetization of 27.9 emu.g -1 ) confirmed ferromagnetic property. Loading gentamicin on the surface of MNPs was qualitatively verified by FTIR spectrum. Quantitative analysis measurements indicated the gentamicin loading on SA-MNPs as 56.7 ± 5.4%. The measured MICs of G@SA-MNPs for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTTC 1574) was 1.28 µg.mL -1 . The sub-MIC (0.64 µg.mL -1 ) concentration of G@SA-MNPs in nutrient broth could successfully inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa for 14 hours. Conclusions Loading gentamicin on the SA-MNPs exhibited reasonable antibacterial effects against P. aeruginosa .

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Introduction and objectives: Employment of different terms in expressing resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii is a controversial issue. The aim of this systematic review is to assess antimicrobial categories for the terms multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive-drug resistance (XDR) and pan-drug resistance (PDR) for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and methods: We searched the database in the medical literature for relevant studies from 2006 up to 2016. Out of the 164 studies analyzed, 106 articles focused on definitions of MDR, XDR and PDR in A. baumannii, 53 articles focused on P. aeruginosa while five articles discussed both bacteria. Results: The most prevalent MDR, XDR and PDR A. baumannii was defined as acquired resistance to amikacin (42; 64.6%), ceftazidime (42; 64.6%) and imipenem (40; 61.5%) in MDR definition and (11; 34.4%) in XDR definition. The term MDR P. aeruginosa more often refers to resistance state to the drugs such as imipenem, ciprofloxacin (26; 76.5%) and amikacin (22; 64.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance in XDR P. aeruginosa was related to ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxasin (11; 73.3%) and meropenem (10; 66.7%). The term PDR P. aeruginosa was used in two studies for antibiotics such as amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (100%). Conclusion: The current study lists the antibiotics which may be useful in clearly describing the extent of antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosaand A. baumannii for each term.