We showed that uMtCK could be easily detected in CM of LNCaP lineaged AIPC cells. Exogenous uMtCK in LNCaP cells surprisingly contributed to overproduction of ROS, activation of Akt signaling pathway and more aggressive phenotypes including androgen independence development.

Radiation therapy is a relatively effective therapeutic method for localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients. However, radioresistance occurs in nearly 30% of patients treated with potentially curative doses. Therapeutic synergy between radiotherapy and androgen ablation treatment provides a promising strategy for improving the clinical outcome. Accordingly, the androgen deprivation-induced signaling pathway may also mediate radiosensitivity in PCa cells. The C4-2 cell line was derived from the androgen-sensitive LNCaP parent line under androgen-depleted condition and had acquired androgen-refractory characteristics. In our study, the response to radiation was evaluated in both LNCaP and C4-2. Results showed that C4-2 cells were more likely to survive from irradiation and appeared more aggressive in their resistance to radiation treatment compared with LNCaP, as measured by clonogenic assays and cell viability and cell cycle analyses. Gene expression analyses revealed that a set of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and DNA repair were differentially regulated in LNCaP and C4-2 in response to radiation, which was also consistent with the radiation-resistant property observed in C4-2 cells. These results strongly suggested that the radiation-resistant property may develop with progression of PCa to androgen-independent status. Not only can the LNCaP and C4-2 PCa progression model be applied for investigating androgen-refractory progression, but it can also be used to explore the development of radiation resistance in PCa.