Banu ÇELEBİOĞLU, Uzay YERGÜN 18. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden itibaren Osmanlı Devlet'inde Avrupa uygarlığına karşı bir açılım başlamış ve bu batılılaşma olgusu Tanzimat dönemiyle birlikte devlet ve toplum yapısındaki köklü bir modernleşme hareketine dönüşmüştür. Değişimin simgesel görüntüsünü ise İstanbul'a kazandırılmak istenen batılı bir başkent imajı oluşturmaktadır. Fakat ahşap yapılardan meydana gelen geleneksel kent dokusunun oluşturduğu çelişki, kentsel ve mimari yapıda köklü bir değişimi gerektirmiştir. Bu nedenle uygulamaya yönelik ilk adımlar Tanzimat reformları doğrultusunda çağdaş devlet ve toplum yapısının gereksinim duyduğu yönetim, eğitim, sağlık, ulaşım ve kamu düzenine ait yeni yapı türlerinin, Avrupa mimarlığının tasarım kalıplarının yanı sıra dönemin modern yapı malzemesi ve yapı üretim teknolojileri kullanılarak inşa edilmesine karar verilme-siyle atılmıştır. Avrupa endüstrisinin ürettiği fabrikasyon tuğla, çelik putrel ve beton gibi yapı malzemeleri ve bu malzemelerle şekillenen çelik iskelet, ciment-arme, fer-beton (ferro-concrete) ve betonarme iskelet gibi yapım teknolojileri, Osmanlı mimarlığının 19. yüzyılın ilk yıllarından sonraki tarihsel gelişim sürecinin şekillenmesine etken olmuştur. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda yeni işlev ve yapım teknolojisiyle inşa edilmiş ilk yapılardan olan Pera Palas Oteli (1895) Levanten mimar Alexander Vallaury tarafından tasarlanmış, Osmanlı Sarayları'ndan sonra ilk kez asansörün kullanıldığı, elektriğin ve sıcak suyun sağlandığı yapı olmuştur. Bu makalede Pera bölgesinde inşa edilmiş ilk modern otel yapısının mimari özellikleri, dolu tuğla yığma duvarlar ve çelik iskelet sistemin birlikte kullanıldığı özgün yapım sistemi incelenecek, yapının tarihi ve kültürel değerleri irdelencektir.

No abstract

From the first quarter of the 18th century, an expansion to European civilization was beginning in Ottoman Empire and with Tanzimat period, this westernization fact had transformed to a fundamental innovation act in the structure of the state and society. European capital image gained by İstanbul created a symbolic view of change. However, a contradiction of traditional urban tissue, consisted by the timber buildings, necessitated a fundamental change in the urban and architectural structure. According to this aim, new building types which were necessary for the Tanzimat reforms (a period of time of political reforms during the Ottoman sultanate of Abdulmecid (r.1839-61) began to be constructed by the European architectural design models, with modern building materials and production technologies. In this context, construction technologies like jack arches, steel framework, fer-concrete and reinforced concrete, which are formed with structural materials like modern brick, iron beam, and concrete, are the factors of formation of the historical development process of the Ottoman architecture after the first years of the 19th century. From the middle of 19th century, use of the “steel beam” was beginning in the building product technology, depending on the evolution of the industrial metal technology in European countries. Technological level of the steel construction after “Jack Arch”, which is formed with the iron beam, has brought new expansions to the building production. As from the first years of the 20th century, buildings constructed by steel construction technology began to take place in Ottoman architecture. In this paper, the place of the steel-framed building technology in Ottoman architecture, especially the steel frame construction in the Tanzimat period buildings and their architectural design criteria will be presented. Besides, the conclusions based on the comparisons of structural and architectural design with the European architecture buildings will be indicated. “Metro Khan”, dated 1914, is the first building that was erected with this construction technology. This building is constructed as an administration and station building of the under ground train, named “Tünel”, which connects Pera and İstanbul Seaport. This paper traces the importance of the building in terms of conservation and cultural values, while benefiting from its characteristic architecture and static projects.

Cultural properties, as they narrate the design, art and architectural mentality of the entire periods that they went through from the date they were built until today, are museum-quality buildings that document the social and cultural status. The "Harran Houses" in the Harran city are among this cultural wealth. The typical conic domed houses date back to 150-200 years from today that are in Harran city which was registered as an archaeological and urban conservation area in 1979 and safeguarded. Within the scope of sustainability of these kinds of settlements to be transferred to the future generations; the importance of achievement of the effective contribution of the ruling authorities, users, local residents and visitors to the recommendations that set forth during the study, importance of development and keeping them alive can be understood. In the study, the touristic purposed usage is recommended for the Harran houses; evaluating the current structural status and environmental requirements of the houses through the data obtained during the "Harran2014" workshop. Evaluation of sustainability of the cultural heritage in architecture from a tourism point of view by discussing sustainability is being transferred together with the distinctive characteristics and the design approaches of the functions.

Hagios Gregorios Theologos church is the one of the most important monument of Gelveri, a small town in the region of Cappadocia which is one of the first settlement areas in Anatolia, in central Turkey. The church is dedicated to Gregory the Theologian who is the Cappadocian father of the church in the fourth century. The building consists of three distinct phases of construction: the apse, the naos with a narthex west of it, and the parekklesion, north of the naos. Hagios Gregorios Theologos church was suffered important interventions after the date he’s erected in 385. The building was used till the migration in 1924 and then was converted to a mosque. Situated in a region known with his rock-cut architecture, the building differs with his construction of masonry and maintain tradition of built architecture. It distinguished by the qualified use of the harder volcanic stone. In this paper, the planning and the structure analysis of Hagios Gregorios Theologos church is aimed to be presented.