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Tegal district is a dengue-endemic area. One of the strategies to control Ae. aegypti is the use of insecticides. The determination of insecticide resistance in a dengue-endemic area is useful for supporting policies for Ae. aegypti control program. The aim of this study is to determine the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti in Tegal district, Central Java. Aedes aegypti larvae were collected from June to July 2018. Susceptibility bioassay of Ae. aegypti larvae against temephos and Ae. aegypti female against permethrin were conducted refers to the WHO protocol. The susceptibility of Ae. aegypti was interpreted based on WHO protocol as well. The mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae were at 0.025 ppm by 90%. The LC50 at 0.0005 ppm, and LC99 at 1.1037 ppm, respectively. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti against permethrin was 26%. The LT50 at 6611.636 minutes, and LT99 at 5958807.272 minutes, respectively. The susceptibility of Ae. aegypti larvae were possible resistant but adult Ae. aegypti was resistant.

Introduction: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the gold standard for vascular access for hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. There is a high rate of AVF maturation failure, especially in DM patients, and it takes longer for maturation in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This study aimed to obtain the recommendations for the minimum diameter of the brachial artery and cephalic vein as a predictor of brachiocephalic AVF maturation in ESRD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after six weeks to eight weeks of AVF creation. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort study using secondary data from patients with brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. The examined variables were brachial artery diameter, cephalic vein diameter, and brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula maturation. Comparative analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed. Results: A total of 72 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forty-four (61,11%) patients were mature at six weeks, while 47 (65,28%) were mature at eight weeks postoperatively. At week six, the mature group had a significantly larger cephalic vein diameter (3,20±0,94 vs. 2,65±1,02, p=0,002). At week eight there was a significantly larger brachial artery (4,22±0,70 vs 3,78±0,60, p=0,012), and cephalic vein diameter (3,28±0,98 vs 2,43±0,82, p=0,000) in the mature group. Conclusion: The best threshold value for preoperative brachial artery diameter predicting AVF maturation eighth week was 3.85 mm. The best threshold value for preoperative cephalic vein diameter predicting AVF maturation at the sixth week was 2.45 mm, and at the eighth week, it was 2.45 mm.

Aim: To identify whether probiotics have the same effectiveness as lactulose in improving the results of psychometric testing in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.Method: Literature Searching were performed on Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Cochrane databases to obtain an randomized controlled trial (RCT) or a systematic review. Searches were made with the keywords "hepatic encephalopathy", "probiotic", "lactulose" and number connection test  ("NCT").  Search is continued by excluding the literature through abstract and full text.Results: Two studies were found to be relevant according to the criteria. The study by Mittal showed that probiotics were better than lactulose in improving NCT-B with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.54-1.44; p = 0.62) but not better for improving NCT- A with RR 1.43 (95% CI: 0.62-3.24; p = 0.40). In the Sharma study, lactulose was better in improving NCT score with the mean difference (MD) 6.7 (95% CI: 0.58-12.82) and in the Li study, there was no significant significance between MD 3.93 (95% CI: -0,72-8,58)Conclusion: In conclusion, Probiotics cannot replace lactulose as a standard therapy for hepatic encephalopathy. There is not enough evidence that proves probiotics are better than lactulose.