Schwann cells (SCs) are components of the peripheral nerve myelin sheath, which supports and nourishes axons. Upon injury of the trigeminal nerve, SCs are activated and cause trigeminal neuralgia by engulfing the myelin sheath and secreting various neurotrophic factors. Further, SCs can repair the Injury nerve, and thus alleviate trigeminal neuralgia. Here, we briefly describe the development and activation of SCs after nerve damage. Moreover, we expound on the occurrence, regulation, and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia; further, we point out the current research deficiencies and future research directions.