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Evaporation and drift of a wet cooling tower were studied to reduce water loss by changing the makeup water model of the cooling tower. The tower interior had a sprayed makeup water area of 600 m2, which accounted for 30% of the water drenching area. Accurately measuring the water level of the collecting basin with a U-type liquidometer resulted in a test accuracy of 1.38 m3 mm−1. And the accurate data of water loss of cooling tower were obtained by using the liquid level of collecting basin and the water loss law of cooling tower. On the basis of the analysis of water and heat balance, the total water content of unit discharge air and the air humidity ratio of tower outlet were compared. In other words, the air humidity ratio method was used to verify the correctness of Merkel’s assumption of ‘the air saturation in the cooling tower’. And the formation process of drift is explained by the accurate analysis of evaporation loss. This process provided a new research model for the analysis of water loss and air state in cooling towers. The heat and water loss of circulating water before and after the spraying makeup water were compared and analyzed, respectively, according to the accurate water loss data and the droplet calculation model. The best water loss reduction effect was 7.9 m3 h−1, and the drift recovery law is established; the drift recovery rate in the water spraying area was 65.5–96.8%. Furthermore, the optimum working conditions of the drift recovery project were explained. This law guided the operation of the spraying makeup water system. Results showed that the spray water was more favorable to the operation of the cooling tower than the original makeup water and the expected water saving was achieved. The established theories were widely used in the study on water loss of cooling tower and the drift recovery project.

The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (RAL) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) that has been applied in clinical settings for thousands of years. In the past two decades, cultivated RAL has gradually replaced wild RAL and become mainstream in clinical practice. The quality of CHM is significantly influenced by its geographical origin. To date, limited studies have compared the composition of cultivated RAL from different geographical origins. As essential oil is the primary active component of RAL, a strategy combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemical pattern recognition was first applied to compare the essential oil of RAL (RALO) from different regions in China. Total ion chromatography (TIC) revealed that RALO from different origins had a similar composition; however, the relative content of the main compounds varied significantly. In addition, 26 samples obtained from various regions were divided into three categories by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Combined with the geographical location and chemical composition analysis, the producing regions of RAL were classified into three areas. The main compounds of RALO vary depending on the production areas. Furthermore, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were significant differences in six compounds, including modephene, caryophyllene, γ-elemene, atractylon, hinesol, and atractylodin, between the three areas. Hinesol, atractylon, and β-eudesmol were selected as the potential markers for distinguishing different areas by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In conclusion, by combining GC-MS with chemical pattern recognition analysis, this research has identified the chemical variations across various producing areas and developed an effective method for geographic origin tracking of cultivated RAL based on essential oils.

This test procedure describes the evaluation method used to determine the water consumption performance of cooling towers and evaporative cooling equipment, which provides a unified test instrument, test procedure, parameter measurement, test data processing, and test results. This test procedure provides the manufacturer and the owner an objective and fair evaluation, outlines practical methods for monitoring the water consumption performance of cooling towers. The loss of water in cooling tower is measured by U-type liquidometer, and the law of collecting basin liquid level. When the liquid level of the collecting basin decreased by 1 mm, the water quantity loss of one cooling tower diameter D=42 m was 1.38 m3. And cooling tower water loss and specification for water balance test is established. The water quantity loss of cooling tower can be obtained conveniently, accurately and quickly. This provides conditions for further accurate analysis of water quantity loss of cooling tower, etc. It is widely used and has great significance in the hydraulic design of cooling tower, the analysis of air status in the tower, the water balance test to determine the water used in cooling tower, the reduction of water loss and the drift recovery. And provides explicit test procedures that yield results with the highest level of accuracy and consistent with the best current engineering practices and knowledge in this field.