Background:Throughout China, during the recent epidemic in Hubei province, frontline medical staff have been responsible for tracing contacts of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 . This study aimed to investigate the psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan province, adjacent to Hubei province, during the COVID-19 outbreak between January and March 2020. Material/Methods:A cross-sectional observational study included doctors, nurses, and other hospital staff throughout Hunan province between January and March 2020. The study questionnaire included five sections and 67 questions (scores, 0 -3). The chi-squared χ² test was used to compare the responses between professional groups, age-groups, and gender. Results:Study questionnaires were completed by 534 frontline medical staff. The responses showed that they believed they had a social and professional obligation to continue working long hours. Medical staff were anxious regarding their safety and the safety of their families and reported psychological effects from reports of mortality from COVID-19 infection. The availability of strict infection control guidelines, specialized equipment, recognition of their efforts by hospital management and the government, and reduction in reported cases of COVID-19 provided psychological benefit. Conclusions:The COVID-19 outbreak in Hubei resulted in increased stress for medical staff in adjacent Hunan province. Continued acknowledgment of the medical staff by hospital management and the government, provision of infection control guidelines, specialized equipment and facilities for the management of COVID-19 infection should be recognized as factors that may encourage medical staff to work during future epidemics.

Aim To evaluate the late‐onset post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) situation, coping strategies and social supports for frontline clinical nurses 6 months after involvement in fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) outbreak in China. Design A cross‐sectional design. Methods We recently randomly distributed a questionnaire online to Chinese nurses who had taken care of COVID‐19 patients since the end of January 2020. The questionnaire was made up of three professional scales, the impact of event scale‐revised, simplified coping style questionnaire and social support rating scale included. Results The general prevalence of late‐onset PTSD among frontline nurses was 88.19%. Nurses who worked in Hubei Province (the kindle place of the COVID‐19 outbreak) showed lower risk of late‐onset PTSD symptoms than those who did not. We also found that positive coping strategies were correlated with less late‐onset PTSD symptoms. Meanwhile, getting more social supports could help these nurses to obtain positive coping strategies.

The shortage of organs is a worldwide challenge for transplantation. To alleviate such organ shortage and keep pace with the world's development and experience on organ transplantation, the pilot program of organ donation after citizen death (DCD) has been carried out in China, with support and attention from the Chinese government. From 2010, with the joint efforts of the government and medical workers for these years, a series of laws, regulations and related process management have been formulated, and great achievements have been made in DCD work. Currently, the main source of organs in China has come from DCD. However, some difficulties still restrict organ donation rates. Firstly, resistance to organ donation in China is often due to the conventional view among citizens. Secondly, some medical workers do not fully understand the definition and diagnosis criteria of brain death and therefore do not uphold and promote DCD work. Thirdly, the existing laws and institutions for organ transplantation fail to implement and remain defective. Nevertheless, China has made a firm and strong stride in DCD work. In order to carry out DCD work better, Chinese government, people and medical workers have to do much more.

Liver transplantation has been developed in Mainland China for about 40 years, from clinical trials to maturity. Its number has become the second in the world, its quality is also in line with the international level, and the source of donors has gradually transitioned to donation after citizen's death (DCD). This chapter is aimed to elaborate the liver transplant work in China from the history and current status of liver transplantation, the main operating methods, major indications, donor maintenance and donor quality assessment, postoperative major complications, and application of immunosuppressive agents to the postoperative follow-up. Liver transplantation is a meaningful and challenging work currently in China; all the Chinese transplant surgeons and scholars are devoting themselves to this work in order to give more effective help to the patients.

Introduction: Big data in healthcare and surgical sciences, combined with advances in computer technology and software, has brought healthcare and medical applications into the age of Artificial intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). These technologies have started to come to the fore even more with the metaverse era. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the advances and challenges of these methods in transplantation. Method: In this systematic review study, we systematically searched for studies on MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The concepts of AI, Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), AR, VR and Metaverse which opened a new era in transplantation, were discussed and their application areas in transplantation in the literature were examined.Along with the benefits it will provide limitations and possible risky situations, disadvantages and especially the ethical dimension have been examined. Results: AI is a scientific approach that uses theories and mathematical algorithms to give computer systems the ability to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence. ML and DL algorithms in particular AI models will create a decision support system for the clinician at every stage related to the patient in transplantation. Some basic applications of AI in transplantation are seen in evaluations such as listing for transplantation, organ allocation algorithms, determining whether to accept the organ for a particular recipient, creating a clinical prediction and decision support system that will guide the physician, estimating mortality and morbidity in the waiting list, and post-transplant survival analysis. There are also examples of AI in image processing, organ allocation, donor and recipient matching, pathology, real-time immunosuppression, transplant oncology, and predictive analysis. VR and AR are areas of robotic surgery innovation in the coming years. VR is generally defined as an experience where a user stays physically in their real world while entering a virtual world using a computer or mobile device. AR is a technology that overlays digital information on real-world objects or places to enhance the user experience. Applications of AR in the field of transplantation include its use in the training of transplant surgeons, in promoting organ donations, in graft retrieval and allocation, and in the microscopic diagnosis of organ rejection, in the treatment of complications and post-transplant neoplasms. Conclusion:In the digital age we live in, these methods should be used in the clinical decision-making process in the field of transplantation. In the coming years, clinical transplant professionals will increasingly use these models to support their decisions. With the use of these applications in transplantation, organ use can be optimized, complications can be predicted and pre-transplant management can be optimized, which can reduce the need for transplantation.