BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. In the Moroccan context, the role of well-known reproductive factors in breast cancer remains poorly documented. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between menstrual and reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in Moroccan women in the Fez region.MethodsA case–control study was conducted at the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez between January 2014 and April 2015. A total of 237 cases of breast cancer and 237 age-matched controls were included. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, menstrual and reproductive history, family history of breast cancer, and lifestyle factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer by menstrual and reproductive factors adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsEarly menarche (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08–2.38) and nulliparity (OR = 3.77, 95% CI: 1.98–7.30) were significantly related to an increased risk of breast cancer, whereas an early age at first full-term pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25–0.65).ConclusionThe results of this study confirm the role of established reproductive factors for breast cancer in Moroccan women. It identified some susceptible groups at high risk of breast cancer. Preventive interventions and screening should focus on these groups as a priority. These results should be confirmed in a larger, multicenter study.
This survey of over 2,000 call center employees highlighted the high frequency of psychological distress in this population and the health impact of working conditions.
This study investigated the relation between working conditions, in terms of physical and
psychological demand, and upper-limb and neck musculoskeletal disorders (ULNMD) in female
staff working in direct contact with the elderly in nursing homes. A cross-sectional
survey was conducted in 105 nursing homes in France. Data on nursing-home working
conditions were collected by questionnaire from occupational physicians and by
self-administered questionnaire from staff. Psychosocial demand at work was assessed on
Siegrist’s questionnaire and ULNMD on the Nordic questionnaire. 2,328 employees were
included: 628 housekeepers, 1,372 nursing assistants and 328 nurses. During the previous
12 months, 50% of the subjects (1,160) had presented with a musculoskeletal complaint
concerning the neck, 38% (881) the shoulders, 10% (246) the elbows and 22% (520) the
wrists. 9% (219) reported effort/reward imbalance on the 2004 Siegrist questionnaire and
42% were in a situation of over-commitment. ULNMD complaints were associated not only with
physical occupational factors but also with psychosocial factors (effort/reward imbalance
and over-commitment), both before and after adjustment on individual and occupational
factors. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal role of occupational,
including, organizational, psychosocial factors in ULNMD outcomes. Preventive approaches
should take account of both physical and psychosocial occupational factors.
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