Self-observation and observation of an experienced therapist were evaluated as aids in learning listening skills. Forty-eight female college students interviewed mock clients before and after training. Training groups observed a videotape of an experienced therapist lecturing about listening skills, an experienced therapist modeling listening skills, a novice therapist attempting to use listening skills, or the subject's own pretraining interview. All groups' skills improved significantly. Subjects completed measures regarding feelings during interviews and about training. Trends indicated that subjects observing themselves improved least on all measures of both skill and feelings, and yet expressed most positive reaction to their training. Subjects observing the experienced model improved most of all the groups in use of skills. Results raise questions about the usefulness of videotaping and support greater use of expert modeling.Videotaping has been used extensively in the training of psychotherapists, with substantial benefits claimed as a result of self-observation. Most of what has been written in the literature, however, is anecdotal, not based on controlled experimentation. The majority of the studies (e.g.,

The social processes involved in the development of criminal laws have been studied by several scholars (Jeffery, 1957; Hall, 1952; Chambliss, 1964; Lindesmith, 1965; Sutherland, 1950; Becker, 1963). Generally, two major perspectives have guided these studies. One orientation has been the functionalist perspective (Pound, 1922, 1942; Durkheim, 1964) which stresses the emergence of moral consensus and the functional interdependence of the law with other institutions. Dicey (1920) suggests that public consensus is preceded by the origination of such ideas among elites, and is only later accepted by the mass of citizens. Such consensus, he claims, supplies the foundation for eventual legal change. An alternative view is the conflict . orientation (Quinney, 1970; Vold, 1958: 203-219; Engels, 1972; Laski, 1935) which views law as the instrument through which one interest group dominates another. In the development of workman's compensation laws, Friedman and Ladinsky (1967) trace the history of conflict and eventual accommodation between workers and factory owners.

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