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Introduction Rapid outbreak response vaccination is a strategy for measles control and elimination. Measles vaccines must be stored and transported within a specified temperature range, but this can present significant challenges when targeting remote populations. Measles vaccine licensure for delivery outside cold chain (OCC) could provide more vaccine transport/storage space without ice packs, and a solution to shorten response times. However, due to vaccine safety and wastage considerations, the OCC strategy will require other operational changes, potentially including the use of 1-dose (monodose) instead of 10-dose vials, requiring larger transport/storage equipment currently achieved with 10-dose vials. These trade-offs require quantitative comparisons of vaccine delivery options to evaluate their relative benefits. Methods We developed a modelling framework combining elements of the vaccine supply chain - cold chain, vial, team, and transport equipment types - with a measles transmission dynamics model to compare vaccine delivery options. We compared 10 strategies resulting from combinations of the vaccine supply elements and grouped into three main classes: OCC, partial cold chain (PCC), and full cold chain (FCC). For each strategy, we explored a campaign with 20 teams sequentially targeting 5 locations with 100,000 individuals each. We characterised the time needed to freeze ice packs and complete the campaign (campaign duration), vaccination coverage, and cases averted, assuming a fixed pre-deployment delay before campaign commencement. We performed sensitivity analyses of the pre-deployment delay, population sizes, and two team allocation schemes. Results The OCC, PCC, and FCC strategies achieve campaign durations of 50, 51, and 52 days, respectively. Nine of the ten strategies can achieve a vaccination coverage of 80%, and OCC averts the most cases. Discussion The OCC strategy, therefore, presents improved operational and epidemiological outcomes relative to current practice and the other options considered.

Objectives: The study was designed to assess the impact of Pharmacist intervention on medication errors (administration errors) in pediatric ward BMCH Quetta, Pakistan. MethOds: The study was intervention based pre-post analysis.Pre-Intervention data was collected from pediatric ward BMCH, Quetta from the period of OCT-2015 to Nov-2015, intervention was designed as education lectures and change in patient treatment chart. Post-Intervention groups were divided into two groups, intervention group -I (education only) and intervention group -II (education and patient treatment chart), intervention was conducted and post-intervention data was collected from the period of JAN-2016 to FEB-2016.Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: Pre-Interventions; the total drug administration were 8179, out of which total errors were recorded 6718(82.13%), which include 6607 (98.34%) were omission errors, followed by 43(0.64%) wrong time error, and 41(0.63%) un-authorized drug error. Post intervention; the total drug administrations were 7995, out of which total errors were 3134 (39.04%), in which errors occurred by intervention group were only education was provided. The total errors were 2043 (52.74%) out of 3873 (total drug administration), where as in intervention group where education was provided along with placement of pediatric medication administration record sheet (PMARS) , total errors were 1091 (26.46%) out of 4122 (total drug administration).In intervention group -II all error were only omission errors and no other error was reported. cOnclusiOns: Pharmacist intervention reduces the medication errors significantly and promote better health outcome and reduces the risk of adverse drug events.