Angelica sylvestris is morphologically well adapted to ecological generalization, and there is little evidence that the surveyed populations represent distinct pollination ecotypes. Most likely, the observed variation in floral characters can be interpreted as 'adaptive wandering'. Specialization in this family seems possible only under very special circumstances, for example when the pollinator community comprises insect visitor groups that clearly differ in their pollination capacity (e.g. due to differences in their functional morphology) and/or have different perceptional biases (e.g. for colour or scent). However, the barrier to the evolution of morphological adaptations resulting in the fine-tuning of the flower towards particular pollinator types may arise from the architectural constraints on the floral bauplan that make umbellifers so uniform in their floral displays and so successful in attracting large numbers of pollinators.

Background: The beneficial effects of moderate-intensity physical exercise on mood are well established. Students in higher education are a group vulnerable to stress who may benefit from aerobic exercise classes. The present study broadens existing findings by testing the impact on mood of a 45-minute-long aerobic training session, conducted in a naturalistic setting. Method: A three-dimensional mood assessment that distinguished hedonic tone (pleasantness of mood) from energetic and tense arousal dimensions was used for assessment of pre-and posttraining mood in a sample of women (n = 120) taking part in a 45-minute aerobic training. A control group (n = 120) performed cognitive tasks. Results: Physical but not cognitive activity elevated mood on all three dimensions, but the effect size was largest for energetic arousal. It was also found that mood improvements in terms of energy and tension change were strongest for individuals initially low in hedonic tone. Conclusions: The finding supports the hypothesis that successful completion of an exercise session in a naturalistic setting may enhance mood in female students. At a practical level, the study suggests that exercise classes may help students cope with the mood impairments resulting from demanding cognitive activities, leading to potential educational benefits.