No abstract

No abstract

The challenges to the development of the greenstructure of Warsaw, both in terms of recreation and ecology, are analysed against the background of the city's planning system and administration. Attractive open spaces have vanished irretrievably, becoming locations for different lucrative investments and developments. There is a need to make clear to all the value in economic terms of retaining open spaces in the city.

No abstract

157 nature reserves are situated in different parts of the spatial structure of Polish towns and cities. They were established at different times and often for different reasons than the nature reserves located outside Polish cities. Due to their location, urban reserves are very frequently used similarly to other green open spaces. The aim of this paper is to identify the main protection objectives of nature reserves located in towns and cities in order to find out to what extent their inevitable recreational use results in management problems. In order to identify the reserves' protection objectives and rules of recreational accessibility, a number of documents were examined: 111 designation acts (our analysis was limited to reserves located entirely within city or town borders), 35 management plans and 48 other regional ordinances. The research resulted in the following findings: a complicated and unclear formal situation of many surveyed reserves entails management problems, particularly in terms of their accessibility and recreational use. In theory, the current legal regulations allow for the introduction of rules concerning the recreational use of reserves and setting up of necessary facilities. However, in practice, this possibility is underused. It seems that nature reserves located in towns and cities require special attention, otherwise some of them will lose their natural values. The concept of the urban nature reserve should be considered as a solution.