Objectives To investigate the effect of breed as a risk factor associated with humeral condylar fracture in skeletally immature dogs in the UK. Materials and Methods Retrospective study of dogs under 12 months of age that were presented with humeral condylar fracture to three specialist referral centres between 2015 and 2018. Data retrieved from medical records included breed, age, gender, neuter status, affected limb, fracture configuration and aetiology of the fracture. Breed population percentages were compared with those recorded by the UK Kennel Club. Results Of the 115 dogs with 118 fractures, French bulldogs (41%) and English springer spaniels (15%) were overrepresented: humeral condylar fractures were more commonly diagnosed in French bulldogs (odds ratio = 5.86) and English springer spaniels (odds ratio = 5.66) compared with mixed‐breed dogs. Lateral condylar fractures occurred in 70% of cases, with medial condylar fractures and Y/T fractures accounting for 9% and 21%, respectively. Median age at the time of fracture was 4 months (range 2 to 10 months). Clinical Significance French bulldogs and English springer spaniels were identified as being at potentially increased risk of humeral condylar fracture in skeletally immature dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of dogs with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) within the region of the ischiatic tuberosity (ITSTS) treated surgically. This was a multi‐institutional retrospective study. Fifty‐two dogs met the inclusion criteria, which were: histologically confirmed STS in the region of the IT treated with surgical resection between March 1st, 2009 and March 1st, 2021 with a minimum follow‐up time of 6 months. Data collected included patient signalment, preoperative diagnostics, surgical intent/method, surgical complications, histopathology, margins, outcome and cause of death. Statistical analyses were performed to determine significant factors in the treatment and prognosis of ITSTS. Overall survival time (OST) and disease progression were negatively associated with tumour grade, while recurrence was positively associated with grade and incomplete margins. Of the 52 included dogs, there were 24 grade I, 20 grade II and 7 grade III tumours. Forty dogs had reported histopathologic margins of which 26 were reported to be complete and 14 were incomplete. OST and progression‐free survival was not reached for tumours graded as I or II and was 255 and 268 days respectively, for grade III. Median time to recurrence was not reached for tumours excised with complete margins and was 398 days for those with incomplete margins. The surgical complication rate was 25%. ITSTS was not found to be a unique clinical entity in dogs as tumour behavior, treatment recommendations, and prognosis were similar to STS in other locations, with overall outcome and prognosis influenced by histologic grade and margins. While surgical complications were common, none resulted in significant morbidity or mortality.

Despite the often dramatic presentation of impalement injuries, the majority of patients treated in the specialist referral setting can achieve excellent outcomes. These injuries require thorough diagnostic imaging and interpretation before adequate surgical exploration and management, augmented by anaesthesia and critical care during the peri- and postoperative periods; therefore stable patients should be referred to centres able to provide this type of care.

<p><strong>Clinical bottom line:</strong></p><p>In the available literature, cases of traumatic elbow luxation managed by closed reduction appear to have a better long-term prognosis  than cases managed by open reduction and surgical stabilisation. That being said, it is important to consider that the poorer outcome in surgically-managed cases could reflect the severity or chronicity of the injury rather than the treatment method itself, or indeed could reflect a combination of the two.</p><p>Closed reduction of traumatic canine elbow luxation should be attempted in all cases as soon as possible as this is associated with a better prognosis. Should closed reduction not be possible, or should the elbow remain unstable or reluxate following closed reduction, surgical intervention is indicated. Joint immobilisation is recommended with either a Robert Jones bandage or splinted bandage for two-to-four weeks following treatment.</p>

questionnaires detailing their dogs' responses to varied situations and experiences, and any canine behaviour(s) they found a problem.