This article explores maritime protection zones, which are being created in the territorial waters of a number of European states. Through the work of Gaston Bachelard and Peter Sloterdijk, the paper explores maritime zonation as a paradigmatic global security mechanism. It examines how maritime spatial planning seeks to reconfigure sea space into spheres of predictability and rationality. These processes, it proposes, seek to routinize sea space and reconcile tensions between the governance of land and sea, and between fixed infrastructure and mobile capital flows. The paper concludes that space which emerges from a pluralist and less anthropocentric understanding of of the maritime would provide more effective security.Key Words -Critical security studies, maritime security, globalization, maritime protection zones, Sloterdijk.Word count: 9,779. 2 INTRODUCTIONThis article contributes to our knowledge of spatial security practices. In particular it forms a study of maritime spatial security and the geometry of zoning which undergirds it. As Joyce (2003: 41) has pointed out, the security of space refers primarily to territorializing practices by which knowledge, competency and agency is engineered into the material world. In the maritime sphere it can be examined as an emergent set of processes which seek to classify and reorder the political economy of seaspace, and which assigns it a moral, military, scientific and commercial value.Maritime spatial planning is an intensification of previous efforts to rationalise the use of global seaspace which, it will be argued, extend into the maritime a logic that has historically informed planning on urbanised space. Nonetheless, contemporary maritime planning projects confront novel problems of scale and distance that do not arise with their urban counterparts. Moreover we hardly need to be reminded of the ocean's materiality as a fluid, constantly changing environment. Understood as a site of uncertainty and chaos, as a heterotopia and as place of adventure (Cohen 2003), the ocean, unlike the land, is generally considered unconquerable (Lehman 2013: 493). 'Unlike human interactions with terrestrial forms of nature', argues Peters (2012: 1243), 'society is less able to shape and mould the sea to its own desires'. Thus, the establishment of maritime protection zones (MPZ) 1 reveals much about how innovations in scientific data gathering, in spatial planning methodologies 1 The terms maritime protection areas (MPA) and maritime protection zones (MPZ) are interchangeable but the latter term will be mainly used throughout this text.3 and in monitoring and surveillance technologies have made it possible to imagine a security network of vast three dimensional zones regulating maritime space.The three dimensionality of maritime planning relates to the way it layers ocean space so that multiple uses can be assigned simultaneously to the seabed, the sea column and the sea surface. The rationale is that individual economic sectors of the sea are interdependent and rely u...

AbstractThis article introduces reasonable force as ontological to the performance of late modern police power. It argues that policing emerged through reasonable force as an innovation of military power and as a supplement to legal power. The article tracks the development of reasonable force in late modern policing through to its emergence as a vanguard strategy of post-Cold War global governance. Police power, the article finds, has transformed traditional sovereign power relations to incorporate governmental power. It finds policing power to be an expansive reforming force that exhibits a dynamic capacity to provide relational coherence to multi-layered policing constellations from the local to the global.

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Large scale field trials were conducted to investigate aphid-parasitoid interactions in winter wheat following spring applications of contact or systemic insecticides. Percentage parasitism was also investigated in the dominant aphid species using acrylamide-gel electrophoretic methods. Sitohion uwnue (F.) Metopoloplziuni dirhodunz (Walk.) and Rhoyulosiphunz pa& (L.) were the commonest aphids and showed typical patterns of abundance through the growing season. Six parasitoid species were found: Aphidius rhopalo.siplii de %.-Per., A . ewi Hal.. A . picipcs (Nees) and Pruon zducre (Hal.) being the most common primary parasitoids that attack the three main aphid species. The present work demonstrated a degree of temporal separation of these dominant cereal aphid parasitoid species which has rarely been documented. There was also evidence of earlier female activity in the crop in four of the six species. Parasitoid populations increased into June and peaked in July, coinciding with and continuing after peak aphid populations, before rapidly declining into August.Both contact and systemic insecticides sprayed in spring produced only a slight initial trend of suppression of aphid populations compared to control treatments; no influence on late summer populations was found. However, significant between-field differences occurred. Neither contact nor systemic insecticides had any effect on population sizes, species composition or life history of aphid parasitoids (Braconidae; Aphidiinae, Aphelinidae) compared to control plots in the present study. Percentage parasitism was likewise unaffected by insecticides and reached a peak, based on electrophoretic methods, of 40% at peak aphid densities at the end of June. Estimates of parasitism based on presence of mummies were up to 10 times lower.Possible reasons for the lack of effect of insecticide application in the present study include timing of application (prior to main immigration period of aphids and parasitoids), mobility of populations and insecticide-induced stimulation of reproduction in aphids. Appl. Ecol. 22,[825][826][827][828][829][830][831][832][833][834][835][836][837][838]

During the past century, the upland breeding areas of Hen Harriers in Ireland have been extensively afforested. There is no evidence that this species avoids breeding in heavily forested landscapes and, indeed, young commercial forests in their second rotation are often selected as nest‐sites. However, Hen Harriers have coexisted with these forested areas for only a few decades and it is possible that such landscapes are suboptimal. We examined the relationship between breeding success and habitat using a dataset spanning three years and four study areas in the south and west of Ireland. We assessed whether nest success and fledged brood size were related to habitat type, both at the nest‐site and in the surrounding landscape. Neither measure of breeding productivity was related to total forest cover or to percentage cover of closed canopy forest in the landscape. However, in a subset of areas, high cover of second‐rotation pre‐thicket (young forests planted on land from which a first rotation has already been harvested) in the surrounding landscape was associated with low levels of breeding success. This may be due to factors related to predation, disturbance or prey availability. The fact that second‐rotation pre‐thicket is a preferred habitat for nesting in Ireland suggests that Hen Harriers may be making suboptimal decisions in the landscapes available to them.