Background:  Colour vision deficiency (CVD) has a high prevalence and is often a handicap in everyday life. Those who have CVD will be better able to adapt and make more informed career choices, if they know about their deficiency. The fact that from 20 to 30 per cent of adults with abnormal colour vision do not know they have CVD suggests that colour vision is not tested as often as it should be. This may be because of practitioner uncertainty about which tests to use, how to interpret them and the advice that should be given to patients on the basis of the results. The purpose of this paper is to recommend tests for primary care assessment of colour vision and provide guidance on the advice that can be given to patients with CVD. Methods:  The literature on colour vision tests and the relationship between the results of the tests and performance at practical colour tasks was reviewed. Results:  The colour vision tests that are most suitable for primary care clinical practice are the Ishihara test, the Richmond HRR 4th edition 2002 test, the Medmont C‐100 test and the Farnsworth D15 test. These tests are quick to administer, give clear results and are easy to interpret. Tables are provided summarising how these tests should be interpreted, the advice that can be given to CVD patients on basis of the test results, and the occupations in which CVD is a handicap. Conclusion:  Optometrists should test the colour vision of all new patients with the Ishihara and Richmond HRR (2002) tests. Those shown to have CVD should be assessed with the Medmont C‐100 test and the Farnsworth D15 test and given appropriate advice based on the test results.

Context: Commercial marketing is a critical but understudied element of the sociocultural environment influencing Americans' food and beverage preferences and purchases. This marketing also likely influences the utilization of goods and services related to physical activity and sedentary behavior. A growing literature documents the targeting of racial/ethnic and income groups in commercial advertisements in magazines, on billboards, and on television that may contribute to sociodemographic disparities in obesity and chronic disease risk and protective behaviors. This article examines whether African Americans, Latinos, and people living in low-income neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to advertisements for high-calorie, low nutrient-dense foods and beverages and for sedentary entertainment and transportation and are relatively underexposed to advertising for nutritious foods and beverages and goods and services promoting physical activities. Methods:Outdoor advertising density and content were compared in zip code areas selected to offer contrasts by area income and ethnicity in four cities: Los Angeles, Austin, New York City, and Philadelphia.