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Johnson, B. L. 1999. The role of adaptive management as an operational approach for resource management agencies. Conservation Ecology 3(2): 8. [online] Abstract Introduction ABSTRACTIn making resource management decisions, agencies use a variety of approaches that involve different levels of political concern, historical precedence, data analyses, and evaluation. Traditional decision-making approaches have often failed to achieve objectives for complex problems in large systems, such as the Everglades or the Colorado River. I contend that adaptive management is the best approach available to agencies for addressing this type of complex problem, although its success has been limited thus far. Traditional decision-making approaches have been fairly successful at addressing relatively straightforward problems in small, replicated systems, such as management of trout in small streams or pulp production in forests. However, this success may be jeopardized as more users place increasing demands on these systems. Adaptive management has received little attention from agencies for addressing problems in small-scale systems, but I suggest that it may be a useful approach for creating a holistic view of common problems and developing guidelines that can then be used in simpler, more traditional approaches to management. Although adaptive management may be more expensive to initiate than traditional approaches, it may be less expensive in the long run if it leads to more effective management. The overall goal of adaptive management is not to maintain an optimal condition of the resource, but to develop an optimal management capacity. This is accomplished by maintaining ecological resilience that allows the system to react to inevitable stresses, and generating flexibility in institutions and stakeholders that allows managers to react when conditions change. The result is that, rather than managing for a single, optimal state, we manage within a range of acceptable outcomes while avoiding catastrophes and irreversible negative effects.

In this study of survivors who have successfully ended abuse by a spouse, the authors present a profile of survivors' personal and abuse histories, describe strategies used to end abuse, and report satisfaction with clinicians. Clinical application emphasized that (1) under certain conditions, abuse can end and relationships can be sustained; (2) abusers must be proactive for relationships to survive; and (3) abusive partners need to receive treatment early.

female offenders have been at the margins of the criminal justice system. Theories of criminal behavior, as well as studies of arrest, pre-trial, prosecution, and sentencing outcomes, have tended to focus on patterns of criminality derived from studying male offenders.' This does not reflect a lack of interest in female offenders, but rather the empirical fact that the vast majority of criminal offenders, especially violent criminal offenders, have been male. 2 In other words, the traditional preoccupation of theorists, researchers, and criminal justice professionals with male offenders derives from the gender-skewed demographics of criminal behavior. Recently, however, the combination of the women's rights movement, the rise of feminist scholarship, and the noted increase in female criminality, 3 has begun to reverse this long-standing neglect of * Member of the United States Sentencing Commission and Professor of Law at Indiana University (Bloomington) School of Law. The views expressed here are those of the individual authors and are not meant to represent the views of the United States Sentencing Commission.

We compared habitat preferences, survival, growth, foods, and harvests of stocked walleyes Stizostedion vitreum and walleye ♀ × sauger S. canadense ♂ hybrids in Pleasant Hill Reservoir, Ohio. Both fishes were stocked at similar rates and sizes (about 40 mm mean total length) in late May or early June 1979–1982. Neither group showed consistently better survival. Growth was similar until age 2. Thereafter, hybrids grew faster than walleyes. Age‐0 walleyes occurred mostly over fine substrates in early summer and coarse substrates by fall. Habitat selection by age‐0 hybrids was similar to that of walleyes, except hybrids preferred finer substrates in fall. Older hybrids and walleyes moved offshore at temperatures above 22°C. Diets of both fishes were similar, but hybrids ate more littoral fishes, whereas walleyes ate more pelagic fishes. Age‐1 and older hybrids and walleyes ate mostly invertebrates in spring. Age‐0 gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum were the most important prey for all ages of both groups. Hybrids and walleyes were caught by anglers in proportion to their abundances and contributed most to the fishery at ages 1 and 2. Hybrids have the potential to breed with either parent species and may introduce new genetic material into existing walleye or sauger populations. Data from our study and other Ohio waters show that hybrids can support important fisheries, particularly in tailwaters, and may be more successful than walleyes in impoundments with short water‐retention times.