This article presents a conceptual model to investigate population migration as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change. The model reflects established theories of human migration behaviour, and is based upon the concepts of vulnerability, exposure to risk and adaptive capacity, as developed in the climate change research community. The application of the model is illustrated using the case of 1930s migration patterns in rural Eastern Oklahoma, which took place during a period of repeated crop failures due to drought and flooding.
ABSTRACT. Adaptation to climate change is recognized as an important policy issue by international bodies such as the United Nations and by various national governments. Initiatives to identify adaptation needs and to improve adaptive capacity increasingly start with an assessment of the vulnerability of the system of interest, in terms of who and what are vulnerable, to what stresses, in what way, and what capacity exists to adapt to changing risks. Notwithstanding the scholarship on climate change itself, there are few studies on the nature of Arctic communities' vulnerability to climate-change risks. We review existing literature on implications of climate change for Arctic communities, develop a conceptual model of vulnerability, and present an analytical approach to assessing climate hazards and coping strategies in Arctic communities. Vulnerability is conceptualized as a function of exposure to climatic stresses and the adaptive capacity to cope with these stresses. The analytical framework employs place-specific case studies involving community residents and integrates information from multiple sources, both to document current exposures and adaptations and to characterize future exposures and adaptive capacity.Key words: vulnerability, adaptation, adaptive capacity, climate change, environmental change, climatic risks, communities, Inuit, Canadian Arctic RÉSUMÉ. L'adaptation au changement climatique est perçue comme un enjeu crucial par les organes internationaux tels que les Nations unies et plusieurs gouvernements nationaux. Des initiatives visant l'identification des besoins en matière d'adaptation, ainsi que l'amélioration de la capacité adaptative, débutent de plus en plus par un bilan de la vulnérabilité du système en cause, c'est-à-dire qui et quoi est vulnérable à quels stress et de quelle manière, et quelle capacité existe pour une adaptation aux risques changeants. Malgré les travaux de recherche sur le changement climatique même, il n'existe que peu d'études sur la nature de la vulnérabilité des communautés arctiques aux risques découlant du changement climatique. On passe en revue la documentation qui existe sur les implications que représente le changement climatique pour les collectivités arctiques, on élabore un modèle conceptuel de vulnérabilité et on présente une approche analytique à l'évaluation des dangers dus au climat et des stratégies d'adaptation dans les collectivités arctiques. La vulnérabilité est conceptualisée sous la forme d'une fonction de l'exposition aux stress climatiques et de la capacité adaptative permettant de composer avec ces stress. Le cadre d'analyse fait appel à des études de cas spécifiques à un lieu, mettant en cause des résidents de la communauté, et il intègre de l'information venant de sources multiples afin de documenter les expositions et adaptations actuelles et de caractériser les futures expositions ainsi que la capacité d'adaptation correspondante.
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