Photos of IS target persons posing happy, neutral, and sad facial expressions were rated for facial attractiveness using paired comparisons and Likert scales. Half the raters were instructed to compensate for the effects of facial expression. Paired comparisons and Likert ratings were highly correlated. Target persons were less attractive when posing sad expressions than when posing neutral or happy expressions, which did not differ. No effect of compensation instructions was found. In addition, independent ratings of four dimensions of the target persons' facial expression were obtained: pleasantness, surprise, intensity, and naturalness. Changes in these dimensions from the neutral to the happy and sad expressions and the corresponding changes in attractiveness were consistently related only to pleasantness supporting the reinforcement-affect theory of attraction. A second study related overall attractiveness to facial and bodily attractiveness. Both facial and bodily attractiveness were predictive of overall attractiveness, but the face was a slightly more powerful predictor. Results are discussed with respect to the stability of physical attractiveness, and alternative explanations of the mental-illness/physicalunattractiveness relation were proposed. This article is based on a thesis by the first author under the supervision of the fourth author submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the .roasters degree at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Two studies assessed two types of reliability of the student Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS; a questionnaire measure of Type A behavior). In Study 1, 810 undergraduates completed the JAS. Analyses revealed that estimates of the internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha) of the JAS and its subscales (hard-driving/competitive and speed impatience) ranged from moderately low to moderately high. In Study 2, independent samples of undergraduates completed the JAS at two testings, separated by 2 weeks (N = 137) or 3 months (N = 124). Analyses revealed that estimates of the temporal stability (test-retest reliability) of the JAS total score ranged from moderately to extremely high. The results of these studies suggest that the student JAS has satisfactory internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability and support its continued use in research on these psychometric grounds. Additional potential difficulties with the JAS are discussed in the context of recommendations for future research.

The stability of physical attractiveness during childhood was assessed. Facial attractiveness of the same 13 girls was rated by four independent groups of male college students at four equally spaced times between Grades 1 and 10. A mixedmodel analysis of variance indicated that the girls differed from one another in attractiveness averaged over time but that substantial intraindividual changes occurred as well. Implications of the results for long-term effects of the physicalattractiveness stereotype are discussed.The "beautiful is good" stereotype (e.g., Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972) is widely assumed to be an important determinant of how individuals are responded to socially. Attractive people are assumed to possess more socially desirable personality traits (e.g., to be exciting, emotionally stable, warm) and are expected to live better lives than less attractive peers. Many researchers have assumed that attractiveness is a stable construct when relating attractiveness to various social outcomes. In a "blind date" experiment conducted by Goldman and Lewis (1977), physically attractive students were judged to be more socially skillful than unattractive stu-d ents solely on the basis of telephone conversations. Elder (1969) reported that attractive women tend to marry men from higher social classes than do unattractive women. Furthermore, Farina et al. (1977) and Napoleon, Chassin, and Young (1980) suggested that physical unattractiveness predisposes individuals to mental illness. However, as Berscheid and Walster (1974) noted, before one can assess the long-term effects of attractiveness on an individual, its stability must be determined.We found only one study that examined the stability of physical attractiveness over time. Livson (1979) reported a correlation of .29 between women's attractiveness rated atThe authors wish to thank Harry S. Upshaw for his guidance and very helpful comments and Montgomery E. Matlock and Mark R. Scherfling for their expert help in preparing the stimulus materials.Requests for reprints should be sent to

This research applied generalizability theory to assess the effect of varying the number of cases and items nested within cases on generalizability of scores on Part II of the National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE Part II). In this research, sources of error were defined. Measurement conditions were classified. Error variances and generalizability coefficients for different conditions were computed. The data analyzed were the item responses of 1,535 candidates enrolled in accredited dental education programs who all took the same test form in 2007. Results showed that using more cases of fewer items might lead to a greater increase in generalizability than using more items per case. Other practical considerations such as time and cost constraints must be taken into account when applying the results of this research in other testing situations.

The issue of the dimensionality of negative symptoms is addressed. In reference to data reported by Lewine, Fogg, and Meltzer (1983), it is suggested that the nonsignificant correlation between a SADS-C negative symptom scale and a NOSIE negative symptom scale, both independently developed using the Rasch model, is evidence for the multidimensionality of negative symptoms. Additional data supporting the multidimensionality of negative symptoms using confirmatory factor analysis is also discussed (Gibbons et al. 1985). A new theory for the structure of negative symptoms is needed, which specifies the number of dimensions, their classification, and their pattern of intercorrelation.