Use of ultra-low sulfur diesel leads to improve emission but it has negative impact on lubrication. Poor lubrication leads to damage the cylinder parts and piston rings. For proper lubrication in ultra-low sulfur diesel, anti-wear agent, corrosion & Rust inhibitor, metal deactivator, Anti-oxidant, Pour point depressant, seal swell agent, viscosity improver and other are used. Viscosity improver such as polymers and copolymers of methacrylates, butadiene olefins and alkylated styrenes reduce the rate of viscosity change with temperature, metal deactivator are organic complexes containing nitrogen or sulphur, amines, sulphides and phosphites reduce catalytic effect on metals on oxidation rate, anti-wear agent such as Zinc dithiophosphates, organic phosphates and acid phosphates reduces friction and wear and prevent scoring and seizure. In this paper comparison of 5% blend of commercially available synthesized lubricating oil mixed with pure diesel by volume and 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha with pure diesel by volume is investigated. It is found that for the same brake power, indicated power provided by 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. The friction loss for 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. Throughout the load specific fuel consumption of 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil except at low load (i.e. before 1.5kg). Other performance parameters such as indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency also support the fact that 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha shows a better performance characteristics than 5% blend of lubricating oil.

An internal combustion engine can be considered a thermodynamic open system. Investigation on blends of distilled plastic oil was performed on a constant speed diesel engine at various loading conditions. The thermal balance sheet was prepared concerning useful work i.e. heat equivalent to useful work, heat loss in jacket cooling water, heat loss in the exhaust gas, and unaccounted heat i.e. heat loss in radiation. Blends up to 20% by volume of various high-grade plastic fuels were used. The thermal balance sheet indicates that heat equivalent to brake power of 5PDB is higher than diesel at low load and 10PDB has higher HBP than diesel at high load. All blends of PDB indicate higher heat conversion into useful work. The exhaust gas temperature of all blends of high-grade plastic fuel is lower than that of diesel which shows a better conversion rate of produced heat in the cylinder into useful work.

Availability and higher gasoline price have attracted the attention of researchers towards alternative fuels. Plastic is produced from the byproduct of gasoline products, which possesses a higher possibility of recycling the waste plastic as an alternative fuel. Research conducted on plastic fuel shows that a diesel engine can run with 100% plastic oil. The present work is focused on the effect of distilled plastic oil on the cetane index as the cetane index is a major fuel property of diesel that affects the ignition quality and exhaust emissions of the engine. For the measurement of the cetane index, two standards are followed and they are ASTM D4737 and ASTM D976. It is found that Crude plastic oil produced from thermal pyrolysis of waste plastic possesses a wide variety of hydrocarbon i.e. lower to higher hydrocarbon. From the fractional distillation of crude plastic oil at three temperature ranges 200◦C, 290◦C and up to the final boiling point, it gave petrol grade oil and diesel grade oil (both low and high grade). Also, it was found that the recovery of distilled high-grade plastic oil is higher than other distilled crude plastic oil. Along with this, crude plastic oil, as well as high-grade plastic oil, have a higher cetane index than the diesel available in the market. Similarly, blending diesel with high-grade plastic oil up to 20% by volume and with low-grade plastic oil up to 10% by volume increases the cetane index of fuel.