Aim of the studyPandemic outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) had significant impact on medical education across Europe. Due to the lockdown-type control measures Universities were forced to adapt to new conditions by unexpectedly switching to on-line teaching. The aim of the study was to explore medical students’ needs, problems, expectations, views on positive aspects of current situation, and attitudes toward on-line teaching, and academic administration during early stages of lock-down.Subject or material and methodsInvestigators created an online survey which received 289 students responses. Survey contained quantitative and qualitative questions. Qualitative data was analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology.Results20.76% participants responded they needed assistance or help, 49.83% of students reported that situation worsened their studying conditions, 57.79% requested more interest from University administration in current situation, 5% of the students reported being deprived of social support. Following categories has been extracted from qualitative data: struggles students face during pandemic, worries and concerns students report, positive aspects of current situation, students’ hopes and expectancies, on-line classes opinions. Frequencies of most common answers within abovementioned categories were calculated.Discussion-ConclusionsTo our best knowledge this is the first study presenting complex quantitative and qualitative evaluation of medical students’ situation during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. According to the acquired data, students faced an anxiety and stress provoking situation that required undertaking special measures. This data is useful in gaining insight into students’ experiences of pandemic and may help as a guidance for planning intervention.

Using concepts developed by Goffman and the theory of inter-corporeality, this paper describes non-speaking spouses' responses to complaints made about them by the other spouse in the context of couple therapy first consultations. While the turn-taking system of couple therapy effectively precludes the possibility of a direct verbal response, non-speaking spouses often display bodily their disengagement from their spouse's talk. Using multimodal conversation analysis as the method, we show the repertoire of such disengagement behaviors and trace the moment-by-moment contexts in which they arise. While disengagement behaviors embody their producer's inattention to their spouse's talk, at the same time, they are, paradoxically, interactional moves produced in the presence of others, conveying their producer's negative stance to the ongoing talk. We argue that the timing of these disengagement practices involves anticipation of the direction of talk: non-speaking spouses display disengagement in moments when the speaking spouse's talk takes a direction toward an intensification of complaints about them.

SummaryAims: Symptoms of burnout are found not only after years of practice in the medical profession but also in the early stages of a medical career -as early as in medical college. Medical studies are considered one of the most stressful majors, leading to early burnout and other related symptoms such as neurotic symptoms. Our aim was to examine this topic by assessing burnout and neurotic symptoms as well as strategies of coping with stress experienced during each year of studies. Method:We used a web-based questionnaire, consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) and Symptom Checklist S-III, and invited medical students at various stages of a 6-year medical course to fill it in online. Questionnaire was filled by 781 students in total.Results: Statistical analysis revealed an interesting pattern of symptoms severity in students, with highest scores at the beginning and at the end of the medical course and the lowest score during the 3rd year of studies. This pattern was clearly visible for MBI-SS Exhaustion, and somewhat less pronounced for MBI-SS Cynicism and S-III scores, where only the decrease of symptoms was significant. Coping strategies seemed to be similar for all medical students with a higher score for the Distraction scale among the 3rd -year students compared with the 2nd-year students.Discussion: These results, however unexpected, seem to be consistent with available literature, emphasizing higher levels of stress experienced during great changes regarding expectations in students at the beginning of their course and in soon-to-be doctors. Conclusions:The results prompt to reflect on ways of countering emerging symptoms of burnout not only in experienced students, but also among those starting medical college.burnout/stress/neurotic symptoms/students/medical course.

The constructionist view assumes that therapy participants' maps of understanding depend on the institutional context and their personal perspectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial maps of difficulties reported by family members starting family therapy. 106 families that were referred to a psychiatric institution for outpatient family therapy were asked open-ended questions regarding the context of the referral, and goal and problem formulation for the therapy.The data were analysed via the consensual qualitative research-modified (CQR-M) method, and comparisons between groups were performed. The obtained results show a diversity of perspectives. Of interest was the predominance of medical language in describing the problem and relational language in describing the goal of therapy. An analysis of differences between mothers, fathers, adolescent patient and their siblings was also performed. The findings highlight the complexity of notions that families start family therapy with and may help therapists navigate through the therapeutic contract formulation process.

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