Summary At present with the massive induction of distributed renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESS) have the potential to curb the intermittent nature of micro sources and provide a steady supply of power to the load. It gives an optimum solution and considers as a major part of intelligent grids. For making a green environment, Electric Vehicle (EV) is the best option that emits zero exhaust gases, cleaner, less noisy and eco‐friendly compared to engine‐based vehicles. It could embark power sanctuary by allowing open access to RES. Nonetheless, EVs presently face encounters in the deployment of ESSs, inroad to their reliability, capacity, price, and online management issues. This study comprehensive review about technical advancements of ESSs, its detailed taxonomy, features, implementation, possibilities with system differences, and additional features of particularly EV applications. Hence, in this current study, technical analysis of Energy storage systems, its leading technologies, core assets, global energy stakeholders, economic merits and techniques on energy conversion is provided. Besides, the way of deploying energy storage techniques, the barriers and assessments are also presented to give a wider scope in this particular area.

The online estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) of Li-ion battery using the adaptive Lyapunov-based observer is an attractive proposition due to the ensured stability, adaptability and reduced computing requirement. However, the observer requires the presence of the persistent excitation (PE) to guarantee the convergence of the battery model parameters to their correct values. The PE is satisfied using sufficiently rich (SR) signal that contains spectral components to excite the battery model. This paper revisits several important works that utilize such observer and highlights the absence of PE in their practical implementation. Since the previous works utilize dc excitation that lacks the SR characteristics, the validity of the published results is questionable. To rectify the problem, a scheme known as the forced excitation is proposed to estimate the battery parameters under dc or low excitation level. The SR signal is generated by chopping the battery current at a certain rate for specific interval. Moreover, the disruption of the load current (due to the chopping) is compensated using the supercapacitor. The concept is simulated by Matlab/Simulink and is realized experimentally using a Panasonic NCR18650B Li-ion battery. The forced excitation algorithm is implemented on the DS1104 dSPACE platform. The results show that the proposed method satisfies the PE condition and is able to correctly estimate the SOC even with low excitation signals.

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The liquid level control in tanks and flow control between cascaded or coupled tanks are the basic control problems exist in process industries nowadays. Liquids are to be pumped, stored or mixed in tanks for various types of chemical processes and all these require essential control and regulation of flow and liquid level. In this paper, different types of tuning methods are proposed for Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and are further improved with integration of Advanced Process Control (APC) method such as feedforward and gain scheduling to essentially control the liquid level in Tank 2 of a coupled tank system. The MATLAB/Simulink tools are used to design PI controller using pole-placement, Ciancone, Cohen Coon and modified Ziegler-Nichols tuning method with Cohen Coon tuning method found to have a better performance.  Advanced process control such as feedforward-plus-PI, Gain Scheduling (GS) based PI, Internal Model Control (IMC) based PI, feedforward-plus-GS-based PI and feedforward-plus-IMC-based PI controllers are further tested as improvement version to further compare the significance of the advanced process control outcomes hence GS-PI, improved GI-base PI-plus FF found to have better performance. The GS method is built over five operating points to approximate the system’s nonlinearity and is eventually combined with feedforward control to yield a much better performance.