Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries. Cinnamaldehyde (Ci) has many biological properties that include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, this study was designed to explore the protective effect of Ci against atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in Wistar rats. Atherosclerosis was induced by an oral administration of an HFD for 10 weeks. Atherosclerosis-induced rats were supplemented with Ci at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw dissolved in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), daily by oral gavage for the same period. Rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each fed with (a) ND, (b) HFD, and (c) HFD+Ci, daily for 10 weeks. Treatment of rats with Ci significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum total cholesterol (T.Ch), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Ch), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-Ch), and free fatty acids (FFAs) and significantly increased the lowered levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) level. Ci ameliorated the increased cardiovascular risk indices 1 and 2 and the decreased antiatherogenic index. Moreover, Ci reduced the elevated serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Ci also improved the heart antioxidant activities by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activities. Furthermore, the supplementation with Ci downregulated the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Thus, Ci successfully elicited a therapeutic impact against atherosclerosis induced by HFD via its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions.

Liver is considered as significant organ within body. Aims: Our survey aimed in illustrating protective effectiveness of gallic acid (GA) against high fat regimen nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Study design: In our study, Rats were classified into 3 groups; control, orally given fatty-sucrosed diet, gallic acid treated groups. Methodology: They were evaluated through measuring hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and gammaglutamyl-transferase; total, direct and indirect bilirubin; total protein, albumin and globulin; hepatic and adipose malondialdehyde, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities; glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin; tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-17 and interleukin-1beta; fatty acid synthase, acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase-α  and HMGCoA reductase. Results: Our results demonstrated that GA ameliorated the elevated lipid, serum liver function enzymes, bilirubin and the decreased L.glycogen levels and serum protein profile. GA improved the hepatic and adipose antioxidants activities by decreasing MDA and increasing GST, SOD, Cat, GSH and GPx activities. GA ameliorated the elevated Glu, INS, HOMA-IR, LEP and the decreased adiponectin levels. Moreover, GA ameliorated the elevated TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, FAS, ACC-α and HMGCR levels. Liver and adipose histopathologies confirmed our results. Conclusion: Gallic acid intake exhibited a beneficial therapeutic effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.

Taurine (2-aminoethane sulphonic acid) is a sulphonic acid which is derived from cysteine and is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is one of the most abundant amino acid in mammals and plays several crucial roles including modulation of calcium signaling, osmoregulation and membrane stabilization. Hesperidin occurs in the cells in crystalline, feather-like aggregates or sphaerocrytalline masses and it exhibits pharmacological and biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, inhibit bone loss, lowering of lipid, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activities. The current study was performed to evaluate the effect of taurine and hesperidin on neurodegeneration resulted from rotenone administration by a dose of 1.5 mg/kg b.wt three times per week for two months. Also we summarize recent findings emphasizing the role of catecholamines neurotransmitters, Tyrosine hydroxylase and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disease model. These rats received taurine and hesperidin through gastric intubation daily for one month after rotenone administration. The results revealed that taurine and hesperidin treatment significantly ameliorated the decreased levels of the catecholamines neurotransmitters and Tyrosine hydroxylase which were decreased as after rotenone injection. Moreover, taurine and hesperidin treatment ameliorated lipid peroxidation and catalase levels.