Dupuytren's disease, a benign fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia, represents an ideal model to study tissue fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) and its downstream Smad signalling system is well established as a key player during fibrogenesis. Thus, targeting this basic pathomechanism seems suitable to establish new treatment strategies. One such promising treatment involves the substance N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), shown to have antifibrotic properties in hepatic stellate cells and rat fibroblasts. In order to investigate antifibrotic effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), fibroblasts were isolated from surgically resected fibrotic palmar tissues (Dupuytren fibroblasts, DF) and exposed to different concentrations of NAC and recombinant TGF-β 1 . Fibroblasts isolated from tendon pulleys served as controls (control fibroblasts, CF). Smad signalling was investigated by a Smad binding element driven reporter gene analysis. Both cell types express TGF-β 1 , indicating autocrine signalling in DF and CF. This was confirmed by comparing reporter gene activity from LacZ and Smad7 adenovirus infected cells. NAC treatment resulted in abrogation of Smad mediated signalling comparable to ectopically overexpressed Smad7, even when the cells were stimulated with recombinant TGF-β 1 or ectopically expressed a constitutively active TGF-β receptor type I. Additionally, NAC dose-dependently decreased expression of three major indicators of impaired fibrotic matrix turnover, namely alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α 1 type I procollagen (CollA1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-type I (PAI-1). Our results suggest that TGF-β signalling and subsequent expression of fibrogenesis related proteins in Dupuytren's disease is abrogated by NAC thus providing a basis for a therapeutic strategy in Dupuytren's disease and other fibroproliferative disorders.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Fostering ideas that de-couple the world's growth in population and wealth from the increase of resource consumption must be tackled through the education of engineers. Those have to understand environmental, economic and social effects. Games have the potential to make people reflect their actions and to let them try out new approaches within a safe environment. A game has been developed to make students understand the effects of a resource efficient enterprise. The two-wheeler industry was taken as example because mobility is crucial element of human needs and sustainable development. The participants of this game are leading their own company.