Indonesia memiliki kekayaan alam yang sangat luar biasa. Salah satu kekayaan alam Indonesia adalah bahan tambang batubara, Sawahlunto merupakan satu dari sekian banyak daerah penghasil batubara. Batubara di Sawahlunto memiliki perbedaan dari daerah lain karena memiliki kalori yang cukup tinggi dan lebih rapuh. Batubara adalah sumber energi paling melimpah dan mudah terbakar yang digunakan di seluruh dunia. Namun, karakteristik strukturalnya menciptakan persepsi bahwa batu bara hanya berguna untuk menghasilkan energi melalui pembakaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan struktur dan kristalinitas yang terjadi akibat kenaikan suhu selama proses karbonisasi, sehingga batubara dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pengganti grafit dalam pembuatan grafena. Karbonisasi batubara dilakukan pada suhu 400°C, 600°C, 900°C, dan 1200°C. Perubahan struktur dan kristalinitas dikarakterisasi dengan XRD. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada perubahan struktur dan kristalinitas seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu karbonisasi. Indonesia has extraordinary natural resources. One of Indonesia's natural wealth is coal mining. Sawahlunto is one of the many coal producing regions. Coal in Sawahlunto is different from other regions because it has high enough calories and more brittle. Coal is the most abundant and flammable energy source used throughout the world. However, its structural characteristics create the perception that coal is only useful for producing energy through combustion. This study aimed to determine the structural changes and crystallinity that occur due to temperature increases during the carbonization process so that coal could be used as a raw material for graphite substitutes in the manufacture of graphene. Coal carbonization was carried out at 400°C, 600°C, 900°C, and 1200°C. Changes in the structure and crystallinity were characterized by XRD. The results showed that there was a change in structure and crystallinity as the carbonization temperature increased.
Modifikasi R-35 dilakukan dengan menggunakan monomer olefin turunan akrilat, yakni asam metakrilat. Tujuan modifikasi R-35 menggunakan asam metakrilat adalah untuk memperoleh material adhesion promoter yang sesuai untuk karet alam siklis yang kedepannya diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan cat untuk permukaan poliolefin. Proses modifikasi R-35 dengan monomer asam metakrilat dilakukan dalam sistem pelarut pada temperatur 110-140 °C dan desain eksperimental dirancang dengan menggunakan software Qualitek V.4.0. Analisis material R-35 termodifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan FTIR dan 1 H-NMR. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan puncak khas daripada ikatan O-H, C-C, C=O, C=C, dan C-O yang mewakili keberadaan daripada R- 35, asam metakrilat dan divinilbenzena. Analisis lebih lanjut %G dengan software Qualitek V.4.0. menunjukkan bahwa %G tertinggi dapat dicapai dengan mengkondisikan reaksi pada T = 140 °C, %MAA = 20%, %DVB = 20, dan t = 180 menit, dengan estimasi %G yang diperoleh adalah 26.08%. Modification of Resiprene-35 (R-35) was carried out using the monomer of olefin acrylic derivative, namely methacrylic acid. The purpose of the modification of the R-35 using methacrylic acid was to obtain an adhesion promoter material suitable for cyclic natural rubber which in the future is expected to be used as a paint material for polyolefin surfaces. The modification process of R-35 with methacrylic acid monomer was carried out in a solvent system at a temperature of 110-140 °C and the experimental design was designed using Qualitek V.4.0 software. The analysis of modified R-35 material was carried out using FTIR and 1 H-NMR. FTIR analysis showed typical peaks rather than O-H, C-C, C = O, C = C, and C-O bonds which represented the presence of R-35, methacrylic acid, and divinylbenzene. Further analysis %G with Qualitek V.4.0 software showed that the highest %G could be achieved by conditioning the reaction at T = 140 °C % MAA = 20%, % DVB = 20%, and t = 180 minutes, with an estimated %G obtained, was 26.08%.
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