Despite the researches into pre-service teachers' perception of online learning has been extensively undertaken during the pandemic COVID-19, little empirical evidence addresses their perception of the learning basic needs during the pandemic COVID-19 in Indonesia. To fill this void, this study aims to explore how Arabic pre-service teachers perception on online learning during the pandemic. Observations and in-depth interviews were carried out in the data collection process. The results of the study indicate that Arabic pre-service teachers' perceptions relating to the basic needs of online learning consist of four things; competence, arousal, self-determination, and relatedness. Finally, this research implies not only contextual but also empirical and policy contributions.

Perkembangan keaksaraan anak usia dini perlu diberikan stimulus sejak dini tidak hanya oleh pendidik atau orang tua tetapi perlu kolaborasi antar orang tua dan pendidik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kolabarasi orang tua dan pendidik dalam menstimulus perkembangan keaksaraan anak usia dini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif yang dilakukan pada KB Sultan Qaimuddin Kendari. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2021-Maret 2022, informan dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala sekolah, pendidik dan orang tua peserta didik pada KB Sultan Qaimuddin Kendari. Teknik Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, sedangkan teknik analisis data menggunakan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa bentuk-bentuk kolaborasi yang dilakukan orang tua dan pendidik dalam memberikan stimulus perkembangan keaksaraan anak usia dini adalah merangsang minat anak untuk berbicara, latihan menggabungkan bunyi bahasa, memperkaya perbendaharaan kata, mengenalkan kalimat melalui cerita dan nyanyian, dan mengenalkan lambang huruf.

Human beings need to interact and communicate with each other in their lif. This interaction and communication may appear in different language styles. This is much more influenced by a situation or place where communication takes place. In class, for example, the language utilized by lecturers in the class room is different from others. This research aims at exploring lecturers' language style and its implication to student's psychological condition in Indonesia. The main question in this research is what kind of language style used by the lecturer in the learning process? does the using of lecturers' language style influence students' psychological condition? What are the factors that affect the presence of lecturers' language style? This research used the grounded theory method by Keraf language style theory (2006), perlocutionary act theory of Austin (1962), and Leech's politeness theory (1983). This research was conducted at Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari, Indonesia. Observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation were used as data collection. The results indicated that (1) there were two kinds of lecturers' language styles which are always delivered to students, namely language style based on sentence structures and language style based on directness and indirectness of meaning (2) the using of that language style has a great influence on students' psychological condition. There are three psychological conditions of the students, they are motivation, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relation. Each of them creates a positive and negative condition, (3) The using of language styles were influenced by some factors, namely culture and ethnicity.

This study aims to obtain information related to the forms and the uses of linkages adjacency pair of 'question-answer' used in Ayat-Ayat Cinta, as well as understand the function of the adjacent pair in establishing the integrity of the novel discourse. This study is a qualitative study which is operationally using the principles of speech act study. The speech act referred in this study is a dialogue in the novel which becomes the data source of this research. Data was collected by the following procedure: (1) to identify the overall dialogue in the novel; Ayat-Ayat Cinta; (2) to determine the adjacent pair in the form of "questions-answers."; (3) to find the forms and the links between each pair of utterances focused on "question-answer” type. The research findings indicate that the adjacent pairs of "question-answer" are found in the following forms: (1) short sentences; (2) ellipsis (3) deep structure; and (4) informal language (slang). The function of the adjacency pairs of "question-answer" in this novel are as controlling the integrity of discourse, namely (1) to express pleasure/choice of the characters; (2) to explain the identity, background and character of the characters; and (3) to reveal the history of the past of the characters.