BackgroundMenstrual abnormalities seem to occur more frequently in students studying medicine and health sciences. Menstrual abnormalities have the potential to impact women’s health, their physical and emotional wellbeing as well as social and school functioning, there is a clear need for better understanding of these disease processes, their associations, and impact on quality of life. The present study aims to explore the association between menstrual abnormalities, psychological disturbances and eating disorders among female students studying health sciences subjectsMethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, in which students from all health science colleges at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Saudi Arabia, were asked to partake by answering questions pertaining to their demographic data, menstrual patterns, perceived stress, and quality of life using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS ) and the 20-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-20) respectively. All statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistics software.ResultsMost respondents had a normal length cycle, duration and flow. Many of our respondents reported some type of premenstrual symptoms with mixed symptoms being the most prevalent 44%. Those who had mixed premenstrual symptoms also had high levels of perceived stress (p<0.001). However, there was no correlation between menstrual cycle length and duration and levels of perceived stress. Regarding the SF-20 quality of life components who had premenstrual symptoms including pain, psychological symptoms , and mixed symptoms did poorly on the physical, social, and mental health aspects of quality of life.DiscussionOur findings are in line with those identified by other authors who demonstrate a strong positive correlation with premenstrual symptoms and perceived stress and also an association between menstrual abnormalities and quality of life and activities of daily living. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, causality cannot be determined and prospective studies are recommended in the futureConclusionsWe found that those who had menorrhagia, premenstrual symptoms, or eating disorders reported high levels of stress. We have also demonstrated a link between premenstrual symptoms, menstrual abnormalities, PCOS , and worse quality of life. We hope that this unique study will shed some light on the struggles faced by health science female students and help policy makers enhance mental and reproductive/endocrinological health care access for them

Introduction Type II phalangeal neck fractures are defined as displaced fractures with bone-to-bone contact at the fracture site. In the type II D subtype, the distal fracture fragment is thin. A review of the literature did not reveal any study investigating the outcome of management of these fractures. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective study of 20 consecutive children with type II D phalangeal neck fractures treated over the past 4 years. Demographic data were reviewed. All cases were managed according to the preset stepwise algorithm. The outcome of management at final follow-up was documented using Al-Qattan’s grading system. Results The mean age was 30 months (range 12–80 months). There were 12 males and 8 females. The mean follow-up was 2 years (range 7 months to 3 years). The largest two categories within the management algorithm were patients with minimally displaced fractures treated conservatively (n = 8) and those with displaced fractures treated with closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation (n = 9). Fischer exact test was used to compare the outcome in these two groups and the p value was significant (p = 0.015), indicating a significantly better outcome in the former group. Conclusion Several conclusions were made from the study. Type II D of phalangeal neck fractures tend to occur in young children and the majority involve the middle phalanx. The thinness of the distal fracture fragment makes standard techniques of closed reduction more difficult. However, flexion of the proximal and distal joints appears to be effective in reducing dorsally displaced type II D fractures by closed means. Finally, a more conservative approach to minimally displaced type II D fractures results in a better outcome compared with closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation.