We investigated the protective effects of resveratrol on hematological and biochemical changes induced by fluoride in rats. A total of 28 rats were divided into 4 groups: control, resveratrol, fluoride, and fluoride/resveratrol (n = 7 each), for a total of 21 days of treatment. Blood samples were taken and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Compared to the control group, the fluoride-treated group showed significant differences in several hematological parameters, including decreases in WBC, RBC, and PLT counts and neutrophil ratio. The group that received resveratrol alone showed a decrease in WBC count compared to the control group. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the fluoride group showed significantly increased ALT enzyme activity and decreased inorganic phosphorus level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the fluoride + resveratrol treated group were similar to control group. In the fluoride + resveratrol group, resveratrol restored the changes observed following fluoride treatment, including decreased counts of WBC, RBC, and PLT, decreased neutrophil ratio and inorganic phosphorus levels, and elevated ALT enzyme activity. The present study showed that fluoride caused adverse effects in rats and that resveratrol reduced hematological and biochemical alterations produced by fluoride exposure.

IntroductionHeavy metals are elements with a density higher than 5 g/cm 3 or with an atomic weight larger than 50 (1). Heavy metals are known to be chemicals extremely dangerous to living organisms. Large quantities of heavy metals are discharged each day in various ways and reach the rivers, lakes, and seas (2).Environment and soil in which the food consumed was grown and water involved in the cultivation are of importance regarding the intake of these metals. Tissue damage or even mortality might occur as a result of heavy metal accumulation in the biological tissues such as liver, kidney, and brain and body fluids of animals that are fed on plants grown in soils with dense industrial pollution and vehicle traffic (1,2).Currently, it is known that heavy metal ions lead to serious health problems; they even cause death in some cases. Therefore, it is important to focus on heavy metal contamination, and it is necessary to examine various sources and concentrations of heavy metals in foods and to take effective precautions (3). Heavy metals, most of which are necessary for organisms, bind to cell structure in very low concentrations. However, higher concentrations of these heavy metals might produce toxic effects by inhibition of enzyme systems in organisms. Mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu), in particular, have greater toxicity (4,5).Factors that affect the degree of heavy metal toxicity include the form of the metal, the presence of other metals and poisons, environmental factors (pH, temperature, oxygen, etc.), life-stage and sex of the organism, etc. (6). While some metals such as arsenic (As), Cd, Hg, molybdenum (Mo), Pb, and selenium (Se) are extremely toxic, some of them have carcinogenic [As, Cd, chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), Pb, Se], mutagenic, and teratogenic effects. In addition, Cd stimulates free radical production by oxidative deterioration of lipids and Pb may lead to damage as a result of disruption of the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants in mammalian cells (7).

Evaluation of the Effects of Traffic Pollution on Some Haematological Parameters, Lipid Peroxidation and Osmotic Resistance in CattleAbstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traffic pollution on some haematological parameters, lipid peroxidation and osmotic resistance of erythrocyte in cattle. In the study, totally 38 cattle, living 300 m away (study group, n = 24) and 2.5 km away from the main road (control group, n = 14), were used. Some blood parameters, erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and osmotic resistance were determined in the blood samples taken from the animals. MDA levels of the study group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control group.Other parameters of the study revealed no significant difference between groups. The results obtained showed that although traffic pollution induces lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes, while it has no considerable effects on blood parameters and erythrocyte membrane resistance in cattle.

Özet: Mevcut çalışma, farklı yaş aralıklarında bulunan Hasak ve Hasmer melez koyun ırklarına ait hematolojik ve biyokimyasal referans kan değerlerinin ortaya koyulması amacıyla yapıldı. Bu amaçla, klinik olarak sağlıklı oldukları belirlenen, yavru (6 ay) ve yetişkin (1--3 yaş) olmak üzere toplam 120 adet Hasak (n=60) ve Hasmer (n=60) koyunundan kan örnekleri alındı. Tam kanda, akyuvar (WBC), lenfosit (LYM), monosit (MON), granülosit (GRA), alyuvar (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematokrit (PCV), ortalama alyuvar hacmi (MCV), ortalama alyuvar hemoglobini (MCH) ve ortalama alyuvar hemoglobin derişimi (MCHC) değerleri belirlendi. Serumda ise alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), gama glutamil transferaz (GGT) enzim aktiviteleri ile üre, kreatinin, albümin, glikoz, total protein ve total kolesterol düzeyleri incelendi. Her iki ırkta da, yetişkin koyunlarda LYM sayısı, AST, GGT aktiviteleri ve glikoz düzeyinin daha düşük, MCV, MCH ve total kolesterol düzeylerinin ise istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Bununla birlikte, diğer hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerde, yaşa bağlı istatiksel olarak önemli bir fark bulunmadı. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilerin, Hasak ve Hasmer melez koyun ırkları için referans kan değerleri olarak kabul edilebileceği düşünülmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: Biyokimya, Hasak koyunu, Hasmer koyunu, Hematoloji. Some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Hasak and Hasmer Crossbred SheepAbstract: The aim of this study was to determine the reference values of haematological and biochemical parameters in Hasak and Hasmer crossbred sheep, covering different age ranges. In this context, a total of 120 blood samples from Hasak (n=60) and Hasmer (n=60) breed were collected from clinically healthy young (6 months) and adult (1--3 years old) sheep. The blood samples were analysed for white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), granulocytes (GRA), red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). In the serum, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme activities, urea, creatinine, albumin, glucose, total protein, and total cholesterol levels were observed. In both breeds, the LYM count, AST, GGT activities and glucose level were lower, while MCV, MCH and total cholesterol levels were higher in adult than those in young sheep. However, depending on the age, no statistically significant difference was observed in the rest of the haematological and biochemical parameters. Consequently, the data obtained from this study could be accepted as reference blood values for Hasak and Hasmer crossbred sheep.