In the field of fish physiology, the species‐specific parameters of blood, biochemistry, and hormones are especially unknown. The main reasons for this include difficulties in drawing blood from some fish species and nonstandardized blood reference values that change for fish weight, water temperature, and other environmental variables. Information and instructions for drawing blood from fish are limited, and there are few practical examples. Fish blood should be studied to determine metabolic disease and feeding disorders and also to improve rapid diagnostic kits for determining microbiologic diseases. This paper demonstrates methodologies for drawing blood from both aquarium and farmed fish and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure, considering animal welfare and practicalities. Images and videos showing the different applications are also presented.

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In this study, 80 turkey skulls (40 females and 40 males) were used. Turkeys slaughtered at the age of 128 days. The females had an average weight of 11.5 kg and the males had 19 kg. We measured 14 features and determined 6 indices on the skulls of turkeys. Our study focused on morphometric differences and comparison of determined features of those skulls for males and female turkeys. Correlations between all features and indices of the skulls were examined for each male and female group, separately. All morphometric measurements were significantly higher in male group. All indices except skull index and foramen magnum index were significantly higher in female group. These measurements showed that males have bigger skulls. Cranial index, facial index, index 1 and index 2 showed that males have narrower and longer skulls while the females have smaller and wider. According to foramen magnum index, foramen magnum of turkeys is slightly vertical oval.Also, ratio of skull length and width is similar for both sexes. This study is the morphometric evaluation of the skull in turkeys. Therefore, this study will lead to further studies on turkeys and other bird species.

Interdigital sinus secretions play a role in sexual behavior and reproductive process of sheep. In the present study, it was aimed to characterize the topographical, anatomical and immunohistological features of interdigital sinus in Kivircik sheep. The interdigital sinuses were dissected from 50 forefeet of female Kivircik sheep which were slaughtered in the slaughterhouse. The shape of sinus resembled a pipe and was located between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of two digits. The wall of interdigital sinus had three layers as epidermis, dermis and fibrous capsule. Epidermis consisted of a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine sweat glands were in the dermis. Furthermore, there were vessels and adipose tissue in the fibrous capsule. There was immunohistochemical reaction for estrogen receptor expressed in epidermis, apocrin sweat glands and sebaceous glands of interdigital sinus. In conclusion, our results about the topographical, anatomical and immunohistological features of interdigital sinus are very important to understand sexual behavior and reproductive process of sheep, and to make a new approach for its surgery. Furthermore, this study is the first to report the interdigital sinus of Kivircik sheep immunohistochemically. Keywords: Interdigital sinus, Kivircik sheep, Morphology, Immunohistochemistry Kıvırcık Koyunlarda Sinus Interdigitalis'in Morfolojik veImmunohistokimyasal Özellikleri ÖzetSinus interdigitalis salgıları koyunlarda seksüel davranış ve üreme sürecinde rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Kıvırcık koyunlarda sinus interdigitalis'in, topografik, anatomik ve immünohistolojik özelliklerinin tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan sinus interdigitalis 'ler, mezbahada kesilen 50 adet Kıvırcık koyunun ön ayaklarından disseke edildi. Şekli bir pipoyu andıran sinus interdigitalis'in, iki parmak arasında articulatio interphalangea proksimalis ve distalis manus hizasında yerleştiği gözlendi. Sinus interdigitalis duvarının epidermis, dermis ve fibröz kapsül olarak üç katmandan oluştuğu gözlendi. Epidermis'in, çok katlı yassı keratinize epitelden oluştuğu saptanırken, dermis katmanında yağ bezleri, kıl folikülleri, mm. arrectores pilorum ve apokrin ter bezlerinin varlığı görüldü. Ayrıca, fibröz kapsül içerisinde kapillar damarlar ve yağ doku bulunmaktaydı. Sinus 'un epidermis, apokrin ter bezleri ve yağ bezlerinde östrojen reseptörleri için immünhistokimyasal tepki olduğu gözlendi. Sonuç olarak, sinus interdigitalis'in topografik, anatomik ve immünohistolojik özellikleri hakkında elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, koyunlardaki seksüel davranış ve üreme sürecini anlama ve sinus interdigitalis'in operasyonlarına yeni bir yaklaşım geliştirmesi bakımından önemlidir. Çalışma, Kıvırcık koyunlarda sinus interdigitalis'in immunohistokimyasal yapısı üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmadır.

Abstract. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of different levels of the feed supplement Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast metabolite, on broiler tibiotarsus traits and to reduce leg problems by identifying the pathological changes in leg skeletal system. Thus, reducing leg disorders due to the skeletal system, the cause of significant economic losses in our country (Turkey), was investigated by the supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler feed.In the study, 300 male day-old, Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. Experiment groups were designed as follows: control; 0.1 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0.2 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0.4 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experimental diets were chemically analyzed according to the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Twelve groups were obtained, including three replicates for each experimental group. Each replicated group was comprised of 25 chicks, and thus 75 chicks were placed in each experimental group. After 42 days, broiler chickens were slaughtered. Tibiotarsi were weighed with a digital scale, and the lengths were measured with a digital caliper after the drying process. Cortical areas were measured with the ImageJ Image Processing and Analysis Program. A UTEST Model-7014 tension and compression machine and a Maxtest software were used to determine the bone strength of the tibiotarsus. The severity of the tibial dyschondroplasia lesion was evaluated as 0, +1, +2 and +3. Crude ash, calcium and phosphorus analyses were performed to determine the inorganic matter of tibiotarsi. For radiographic evaluations of epiphyseal growth plates, tibiotarsi from the right legs were photographed in lateral and craniocaudal positions and examined. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS statistics program.It was observed that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a feed supplement led to an increase in the bone traits of broiler chickens. Optimum results for bone mineral content, biomechanical traits and strength were provided by the addition of 0.2 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler feed.As a result, the use of yeast as feed supplements in broilers is considered to be an economic and convenient way of providing animal welfare and preventing commercial losses due to leg problems.