Renewable energy sources play a key role in decarbonizing the economy of the European Union (EU) and the world. The aim of this research is to present the development of the renewable energy sources (RES) sector in the European Union (EU), with particular emphasis on sustainable development. The EU guidelines, requirements, and directives were analyzed in order to meet the provisions of the energy policy to ensure energy and climate security. The potential of the RES was studied in the EU countries, and the possibility of its use in cogeneration with the use of local renewable resources. The results are presented in tabular, graphic, and descriptive forms. The results are presented based on the extensive literature on the subject and data from Eurostat. The data covered 2004–19. We used different methods to evaluate the changes in the RES in the EU countries. First, we compiled descriptive statistics; second, we used the Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test); and, finally, we used the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model (GARCH model). Our analysis found that the EU increased the share of RES. The biggest share of energy from renewable energy sources was found in 2019 in Iceland (78%), Norway (74%), and Sweden (56%). The biggest increase in the share of RES in 2004–19 was found in Malta (8322%), Great Britain (1126%), and Luxemburg (784%). The results demonstrate the development of RES in the EU countries. However, not all countries achieved the planned goal in 2019.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the sustainable development of agriculture in the member states of the European Union (EU). Sustainable development is the main objective of Polish agriculture. Sustainable development encompasses three pillars: economic, social and environmental. In recent years, Polish agriculture has undergone a considerable change to integrate and adapt the agricultural sector to the EU standards. The achievement of the sustainable development goals in European agriculture was evaluated based on the Eurostat data as well as the analysis of the literature. The discussion on sustainable development of agriculture is rich. However, little attention is paid to the measurement of sustainable development. Our intention was to fill in the gap in the literature and provide a method to evaluate sustainable development. The paper contributes to the measurement of sustainable development based on Hellwig’s method. The changes in sustainable agricultural development were assessed with an index that was normalized with the zero unitarization method. In the first step, descriptive statistics for the variables applied in the process of calculating the sustainable development index were analyzed. The taxonomic measure of development (TMD) was then calculated for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In the following stage, 27 EU member states were divided into sustainable development classes based on the mean values of the TMD for each of the three pillars of sustainability. The conducted research revealed changes between the European Union countries in terms of sustainable development. In 2018, the highest values of the sustainable development index were noted in the Netherlands, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.

The study analyzed the number of dairy cows, milk yield of cows, milk production, import, export and consumption of milk and milk products in the USA. In the analysis of the research results, tabular, graphic and descriptive methods were used. Findings: United States (U.S.) dairy farms used to be most efficient in the world. The average herd of dairy cow is 115 head in the United States of America (USA) and 22 in the European Union (EU). The vast majority of cow's milk production (85%) comes from dairy herds having more than 100 head. The analysis shows that the milk yield of cows and milk production in the USA increased, with a slight increase in the number of cows. Practical Implications: During the analyzed period, the USA increased the consumption of dairy products, while the consumption of liquid milk has decreased. Originality/Value: In 2009-2018, the trade balance was positive Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method -CCR, BCC and NIRS model focused on input-oriented minimization were used.

W związku z istniejącą pandemią COVID-19 nasuwa się wiele pytań dotyczących jej przebiegu, stanu zdrowia i funkcjonowania społeczeństw. Jednym z obszarów w których funkcjonuje człowiek, szczególnie dzieci i młodzież jest szkoła i procesy z nią związane zwane kształceniem. Dlatego rodzą się pytania o jakość kształcenia, o zachowanie uczniów i organizowanie nauczania oraz wychowania przez nauczycieli. Tego typu sytuacje zmotywowały do przeprowadzenia badań pedagogicznych, których głównym celem było zdiagnozowanie trudności, które pokonywali nauczyciele podczas zdalnej edukacji. Badaniem objęto chętnych nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej (N=80) ze szkół podstawowych z terenu dwóch miast: Białej Podlaskiej i Międzyrzeca Podlaskiego w powiecie bialskim. Wyniki badań pozwoliły poznać opinię badanej grupy nauczycieli na wymieniony główny cel badań. Okazało się, że nauczyciele nie są bierni wobec zaistniałych trudności, widzą i szybko diagnozują pojawiające się problemy oraz chętnie poszukują nowych rozwiązań. Wskazali kilka istotnych rekomendacji, z których w przyszłości mogą skorzystać inne osoby, co jest ważne, biorąc po uwagę fakt, że żyjemy w czasach nieprzewidywalnych.

The paper analyzes total labor input, arable land area and the value of fixed assets on farms specializing in dairy cattle farming and conducting agricultural accounting by FADN. In addition, changes of the examined features for farms in FADN UE13 regions were presented. The research shows that the area of UAA on farms conducting agricultural accounting of FADN and dealing with dairy cattle farming increased during the examined period. Similar upward trends were observed in the case of fixed assets. The research shows that the highest value of fixed assets was recorded in 2014 in the FADN region of Pomerania and Mazury among four Polish regions and was at the level of 295.4 thousand. EUR per farm specializing in dairy farming. In turn, the lowest level of fixed assets value 46.3 thous. EUR occurred in 2006 in the FADN region of Lesser Poland and Pogórze.