Oxidative stress plays a key role in breast cancer progression. However, little is still known about the relationship between the BRCA1 mutation, the incidence of breast cancer and oral homeostasis. This is the first study to evaluate the secretory function of salivary glands, biomarkers of redox balance, and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the saliva of subjects with the BRCA1 mutation. Ninety eight women were enrolled in the study and allocated to four groups based on molecular DNA testing: generally healthy patients without the BRCA1 mutation, patients with breast cancer but without the BRCA1 mutation, generally healthy patients with the BRCA1 mutation, and patients with both breast cancer and the BRCA1 mutation. We demonstrated that saliva from breast cancer patients with the BRCA1 mutation is characterized by enhanced antioxidant capacity and a higher degree of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. The BRCA1 mutation can cause a predisposition to early salivary gland dysfunction, both in patients with breast cancer and in healthy individuals, leading to a decrease in salivary proteins. Using cluster analysis, we showed that salivary peroxidase, advanced glycation end-products (AGE), total antioxidant status (TAS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) may have particular clinical significance in non-invasive diagnostics of breast cancer.

Oestrogens act on target cells through α and β receptors (ERα and ERβ). Expression of oestrogen receptors is associated with the age and menopausal condition of women.The aim of the study was an immunohistochemical evaluation of ERα and ERβ receptors in epithelium of the vaginal mucous membrane of women subjected to different forms of hormonal therapy (HTM).Oestrogen receptors ERα and ERβ were identified using immunohistochemical methods and evaluated in smears of vaginal mucous membranes collected from 60 patients subjected to HTM (including 20 patients after oral therapy, 20 patients after transdermal therapy, and 20 patients after vaginal therapy). The results showed a significant change in immunoreactivity of both studied receptors after three months of hormone therapy. The biggest differences in the changes of intensity of ERα and ERβ reactions were observed in patients subjected to vaginal therapy. Immunostaining for α receptor showed differences between three types of hormone therapy. The highest increase in the overall intensity occurred after three months of topical therapy. Immunostaining for Erβ also varied for different types of hormone therapy.The results indicate that hormone therapy administered vaginally is the most effective in the treatment of urogenital ailments during menopause. In addition, topical therapy eliminates adverse effects of systemic oestrogen.

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The most common kind of oral cancer is known to be the epithelial cells cancer. The disease develops under the influence of many factors. Extensive studies confirms relationship of the occurrence of cancer in the mouth area and infection with oncogenic virus. Papilloma virus (HPV) and Ebstein-Barr (EBV) are considerate to be the most potent oncogenic viruses. Aim. The aim of the studies was to present the role of the oncogenic virus in the development of squamous cell of oral cancer. Materials and methods. Literature was carried out from November 2014 to January 2018 period using „Pub-Med”, MEDLINE, SCOPUS with keywords: squamous cell carcinoma of the Oral Cavity, oncogenic factors in squamous cell in oral carcinoma, oncogenic virus, role of Ebstein-Barr virus in the development of squamous cell of oral carcinoma, role of human papillomavirus in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Results. To the review 16 publications were qualified that meet certain criteria for good literature. Identification of comparative characteristics was aimed at finding a common denominator of research results. Discussion. In the review the focus point was on the role of factors which is oncogenic virus. Analysis of the available data has confirmed that more and more frequent cause of commonly known factors such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, neglect hygiene, and genetic factor became undoubtedly the role of virus factor. Summary. High incidence of cancers has led to the search for relevant etiological factors in the development carcinoma process, especially in and around oral cavity. Knowledge of the most cancerogenic factors is important in order to prevent, and the search of effective treatments. In addition, the cited publications, draws attention to the fact the use of saliva as research material. This throws a new light on the work of dentists and the possibility of their involvement in the process of tumor detection and the initiating factor of oncogenesis.