Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a congenital condition with a heterogeneous and imprecise developmental prognosis. We conducted a longitudinal prospective study analyzing the long-term developmental outcome of a consecutive series of 39 children with PRS who had an a priori good prognosis (isolated PRS or PRS associated with a Stickler syndrome) but severe neonatal disorders (respiratory and feeding difficulties). Psychomotor and cognitive levels, speech, and eating behavior were assessed at 15 months of age and 3 and 6 years of age; 24 of the oldest children were interviewed at age 11 or 12 years. Results were analyzed by diagnosis, extent of respiratory and feeding disorders, and treatment modalities. Cognitive scores were within normal ranges and increased over time, from 90.5 at 15 months of age to 109.1 at 6 years. The 24 oldest children were enrolled in the appropriate junior high school grade at the normal age. For children 15 months of age, language scores were below the average, as were scores for vocabulary at 3 years for half of the patients. At 6 years, children's speech showed persistent rhinolalia, which was mild (47%), moderate (11%), or major (11%). At 15 months of age, 74% of the children had satisfactory eating behavior, and 15% had serious difficulties. At 3 and 6 years, 18% and 6% of the children, respectively, had eating problems. Treatment modalities had no significant effect on long-term outcome. Global developmental quotient scores were lower but not significantly for children with an associated Stickler syndrome than those with isolated PRS. Children with isolated PRS showed good prognosis.

ObjectiveTo describe a series of children who were hospitalized for a tube-weaning program in the general pediatric ward of a pediatric tertiary university hospital: describe our method, to determine the success rate of our inpatient pediatric tube weaning program, and search for relevant factors linked to its success or failure.MethodWe analyzed the medical files of consecutive children who were hospitalized for gastric-tube weaning over an 8-year period. We analyzed outcomes in terms of feeding and growth with at least 2 years of data. Success (weaning within 3 months) and failure were compared by characteristics of children.ResultsWe included 37 children (29 females) with mean (SD) age 31.4 (21) months. Most had a severe medical history (30% prematurity; 50% intrauterine growth restriction, 50% neurological and genetic anomalies). The weaning program was successful for half of the children. Factors linked to success of the program were female sex (p = 0.0188), normal neurodevelopment (p = 0.0016), nasogastric tube (p = 0.0098), and with <24 months on EF before the stay (p = 0.0309).DiscussionComparing the efficiency of various methods and results among teams was difficult, which indicates the need to establish consensus about the outcome criteria. We confirm the need for these types of stays and programs.

Background Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a heterogeneous condition involving retro(micro)gnathia, glossoptosis and upper airway obstruction, very often with posterior cleft palate. Patients with PRS, either isolated or associated with Stickler syndrome have good intellectual prognosis. Nevertheless, the quality of life in adolescence and the phonatory and morphological outcomes are rarely analysed. We assessed the phonatory and morphological outcomes of 72 cognitively unimpaired adolescents with PRS, studied their oral (COHIP-SF19), vocal (VHI-9i) and generic quality of life (QoL; KIDSCREEN-52), and searched for determinants of these outcomes. Results Two-thirds of our adolescents retained low or moderate phonation difficulties, but risk factors were not identified. For 14%, morphological results were considered disharmonious, with no link to neonatal retrognathia severity. Only one vs two-stage surgery seemed to affect final aesthetic results. The oral QoL of these adolescents was comparable to that of control patients and was significantly better than that of children with other craniofacial malformations (COHIP-SF19 = 17.5, 15.4 and 25.7, respectively). The oral QoL of the adolescents with non-isolated PRS was significantly worse (COHIP-SF19 = 24.2) than that of control patients and close to that of children with other craniofacial malformations. The vocal QoL of the adolescents (mean [SD] VHI-9i = 7.5 [5.4]) was better than that of patients with other voice pathologies and better when phonation was good. The generic QoL of the adolescents was satisfactory but slightly lower than that of controls, especially in dimensions concerning physical well-being, relationships and autonomy. QoL results were lower for adolescents with non-isolated than isolated PRS. Only non-isolated PRS and low oral QoL affected generic QoL. Conclusion Morphological or phonatory impairments remain non-rare in adolescents with PRS but do not seem to be directly responsible for altered QoL. These adolescents, especially those with non-isolated PRS, show self-confidence and social-relation fragility. We must focus on long-term functional and psychological results for PRS patients and improve therapy protocols and follow-up, notably those affecting the oral aspects of the disease.

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