Port infrastructure is strategic for local, regional and global economic growth and development. They play a crucial role as transportation hubs and gateways for the vast majority of goods transported around the world, linking local and national supply chains to global markets. Moreover, demands on ports are likely to grow in the light of expected increases in world freight volumes, due to shipping efficiency and its smaller carbon footprint compared to other modes of transport (Becker et al., 2012). Other economic activities, including industry, tourism and fisheries, also flourish around seaports. Thus, any significant disruption in the logistics of seaports can have significant economic implications (Chhetri et al., 2014). Service disruptions alone can cause considerable economic losses in the order of billions of dollars and may have important second-order consequences, not only for regional economies and the quality of life of those who depend directly on the port's functionality, but also for the operation of global supply-chains (Becker et al., 2013). Due to the type of businesses held around them, seaports are located in one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change impacts, i.e. coastal areas susceptible to sea level rise and increased storm intensity and/or mouths of rivers susceptible to flooding (Becker et al., 2012). Despite this, attention to climate-related impacts in ports is relatively recent (McEvoy et al., 2013). The first international benchmark studies consisted of an analysis of the most vulnerable to climate change port cities in 2070 (Nicholls et al., 2008) based on population and asset exposure to water levels defined as one hundred year storm surge, and a worldwide survey sent to Port Authorities to detect sectorial perceptions regarding port risks due to climate change (Becker et al., 2012), respectively. The first step in the evaluation of climate change impacts on ports involves reviewing all potential impacts and identifying the main marine variables and the databases available where this information is included (Sánchez
Drybeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important subsistence crop in Central America. Future climate change may threaten drybean production and jeopardize smallholder farmers’ food security. We estimated yield changes in drybeans due to changing climate in these countries using downscaled data from global circulation models (GCMs) in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. We generated daily weather data, which we used in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) drybean submodel. We compared different cultivars, soils, and fertilizer options in three planting seasons. We analyzed the simulated yields to spatially classify high-impact spots of climate change across the four countries. The results show a corridor of reduced yields from Lake Nicaragua to central Honduras (10–38 % decrease). Yields increased in the Guatemalan highlands, towards the Atlantic coast, and in southern Nicaragua (10–41 % increase). Some farmers will be able to adapt to climate change, but others will have to change crops, which will require external support. Research institutions will need to devise technologies that allow farmers to adapt and provide policy makers with feasible strategies to implement them.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11027-015-9696-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Resumen: Es bien sabida la influencia que José Ortega y Gasset ejerció en María Zambrano, quien siempre se consideró su discípula, pese a que los senderos de su pensamiento pronto divergieron de la ruta trazada por el maestro. El propósito de este artículo es arrojar luz sobre el intento -fallido-de Zambrano de influenciar las ideas y actuación política de Ortega, lo cual ocurrió particularmente entre los años 1930-36. Para ello, se prestará especial a la correspondencia que tuvo lugar entre ambos durante estas fechas. Palabras clave: José Ortega y Gasset; María Zambrano; segunda república española; pensamiento político; integración intelectual Abstract: Ortega's influence on Zambrano is well-known. She always considered herself as her disciple, despite the fact that her thought diverged from the path of her maestro. The purpose of this article is to shed light on Zambrano's -failedattempt to influence Ortega's ideas and political action between the years 1930-36. In order to do this, particular attention will be paid to their correspondence during this time. del presente artículo es ahondar en el lazo intelectual existente entre ambos yendo más allá de la consabida (y a veces incluso exagerada) influencia que el filósofo madrileño ejerciera sobre la pensadora, para arrojar luz sobre el intento de Zambrano por influir en las ideas y actuación políticas de su maestro, particularmente entre los años 1930-36, tal y como revela la correspondencia que se conserva.La polémica y la controversia continúan girando en torno al nombre de Ortega y Gasset. Sin embargo, no cabe duda de que ha sido uno de los pensadores españoles más influyentes del siglo XX. En 1914, fecha en la que publicó Meditaciones del Quijote, Ortega ya contaba con un reconocido perfil público. Fue también ésta la fecha en la que presentó la Liga de Educación Política (LEP) que había fundado un año antes y cuyo objetivo era, como indica Haro Honrubia, "hacer pedagogía social como programa político", lo cual se llegó a convertir en uno de los motores de su pensamiento (2008, 105). Desde este punto en adelante, y ya hasta el estallido de la Guerra Civil, su perfil público fue en aumento.El primer contacto de Zambrano con el pensamiento orteguiano -según ella misma nos recuerda en su artículo "Ortega y Gasset, filósofo español" (1949)-fue precisamente a través de la lectura de Meditaciones del Quijote que, al estar en posesión de su padre, leyó todavía siendo niña; lo que explica que en su día creyera que fue escrito por el propio Alonso Quijano.En 1921, Zambrano comenzó sus estudios en la Universidad Central de Madrid, aunque por libre, pues por entonces vivía en Segovia. No se mudó a la capital hasta 1924. Dos años después, terminó la carrera de filosofía por la Universidad Central. Entre sus profesores, contaban Manuel García Morente, Julián Beistero, Manuel Bartolomé Cossío y Xabier Zubiri. A Ortega lo conocería en un tribunal de exámenes, pero no entró en contacto directo con él hasta 1927, año en el que Zambrano comenzó sus estudios de doctorado (More...
Review of María Zambrano’s Ontology of Exile: Expressive Subjectivity by KAROLINA ENQUIST KÄLLGREN.
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