The current study examined the relationship between oral reading fluency (ORF) and reading comprehension for students in second grade. A total of 84 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions that involved reading a grade-appropriate passage with either 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% scrambled words and answering subsequent comprehension questions. The correlation coefficient between ORF and the number of comprehension questions correctly answered was r = .54. Receiver operating characteristics were then used to empirically derive a minimum ORF score necessary for comprehension, indicating that when these students read 63 words correct per minute they successfully comprehended what they read. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy of the derived criterion of 63 words read correctly per minute was tested and resulted in overall correct classification of .80. C

Transformative educational technology (EdTech) is a practice in education that improves student learning by implementing real-world, authentic tasks and activities that would not be achievable without the use of technology. Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in EdTech in the classroom, yet teachers still lack clarity and uncertainty around creating engaging and meaningful technology-integrated lessons. The focus of this chapter is on the practice of creating real-world, authentic lessons with the use of technology for elementary teachers. This chapter provides an overview of EdTech in the current educational system, technology integration frameworks to support teacher growth towards transformation with technology, and suggestions to guide educators in implementing research-based strategies for lessons and assessments.