Objective: To assess the frequencies of various histopathological pattern of prostatic diseases in a tertiary care hospital at Karachi. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational. Setting: Department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Period: January 2018 to February 2019. Material & Methods: Our study comprised of 160 Prostatic specimen including prostatectomies and Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). All malignancies were graded according to Modified Gleason score for diagnostics and to calculate the frequency. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. All frequencies were determined in terms of percentages. Results: A total of 160 prostatic samples comprised of 123 (76.87%) benign and 37(23.12%) malignant cases. Both transuretheral prostatectomies (84.4%) and radical prostatectomies specimens (15.6%) were included in the study Benign cases were diagnosed as only benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 93.49%. Moreover, additional findings observed in the benign cases alongside benign prostatic hyperplasia were Acute/chronic prostatitis in 4% samples, granulomatous prostatitis in 1.6% cases and eosinophilic prostatitis in 0.8% case. In the malignant cases, majority of the cases were of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma n=35(94.6%) while 2(5.4%) cases exhibited transitional cell carcinoma, perineural invasion was seen in 10 cases. Conclusion: Hyperplasia of prostate was reported in majority of the cases in our set up the most individuals were in the age group was 61-70 years. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, was less commonly diagnosed in the age group of 51-60 years.

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most widespread occurring cancers in males and is the second most common cause of cancer related mortality in men around the world. The therapeutic success rate for prostate cancer can be greatly improved if the disease is detected at an early stage. Therefore, a successful therapy depends immensely on the clinical indicators (biomarkers) for early diagnosis and progression of the disease, as well as the prognosis after the clinical intervention. Despite of its limitations, prostate biopsy is the “gold standard” for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Beyond the shadow of doubt, the advent of PSA level has marked a new era for the efficient screening of prostatic lesions, but PSA alone cannot be considered as an authentic tool for diagnosis. Therefore, the use of new imaging techniques and molecular markers are of great importance for an accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent advances in molecular techniques have provided new tools facilitating the discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer. The aim of this review is to examine the current status of prostate cancer biomarkers, with special focus the on their diagnostic utility and therefore determine a panel of two or three markers for the prompt diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.

Objective: To assess the expression of KRAS in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and to correlate it with histopathological parameters. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi. Period: March 2016 to February 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 51 cases of CRC were analyzed for immunohistochemical staining using KRAS antibody on representative tissue blocks. Clinical and pathological records were retrieved for collection of data. The results of immunohistochemical analysis were correlated with the recorded clinico-pathological parameters. Results: In this study 51 cases of CRC were analyzed for immunoexpression of KRAS. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 85 years with the mean age of 60.96 years. Among the 51 cases, 37(72.5%) cases were males and 14(27.4%) were females. 37(72.5%) were localized to left side colon and 14(27.4%) were found in the right colon. For KRAS immunostaining, 41(80.3%) out of 51 cases showed overexpression. Significant association was seen between KRAS overexpression and histological variants i.e. glandular carcinomas. Conclusion: In the present study over expression of KRAS was observed in advanced tumors. Majority of these cases were adenocarcinomas with few showed mucinous histology. The present study signifies that established KRAS expression is usually seen in rapidly dividing cells with association of advanced tumors.