The production of cement results in the depletion of natural resources and consumption of huge energy and CO2 emissions to the environment that cause global warming and climate change. To alleviate the problem, there is a growing interest of researchers to find an alternative material to partially cement by industrial and agricultural wastes. This research was therefore aimed to examine the potential of using coffee husk ash (CHA) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in C-25 concrete production. Concrete mixtures were prepared by partially replacing cement with CHA in different proportions (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) by weight with a constant w/c of 0.5. The consistency, setting time, workability, compressive strength, water absorption, sulphate attack, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermo gravimetric (TGA) tests were conducted on concrete samples. The test results revealed that the workability of mixtures showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the share of the CHA content in which the measured slump flow values ranged between 15 and 35 mm. Contrarily, the setting time of concrete mixtures showed an increasing trend with an increase in CHA content. The initial and final setting times were in the range of 67–126 minutes and 310–524 minutes, respectively, which is in the range of the standards. The compressive strength of concrete decreased with an increase in the share of the CHA, in which the results were measured in the range of 35.1–22.7 MPa for the 28th day sample with 5% and 20% of CHA, respectively. However, it increases as the curing days increase, whereas the water absorption of the concrete increases as the CHA increases but decreases as the curing days increase due to the porous nature of the CHA. From the study microstructure of concrete using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis results show that the C-S-H gel would be from 950–1100 cm−1 wavenumber and at 500oC, and the CHA sample was decomposed and mass loss was observed at 500oC. In general, it was also observed that, from the compressive strength, the concrete satisfies its design strength up to 10% replacement level without compromising the performance of concrete.

Sand is used more than any other natural resources except water and air, However, it's extracted at a rate far greater than it's renewal. The availability of sand in the growing demand of the construction industry will be a challenge due to a wide range of variability, cost, and, quality problems. This study aims to investigate normal strength concrete by partially replacing sand with marble waste and scoria. Experimental investigations were conducted to study the chemical, physical, mechanical and fresh property of concrete containing marble waste and scoria. Marble: scoria ratios of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 was used and then the combined fraction of both marble waste and scoria in concrete was increased from 33 to 67 and 100%. Chemical analyses of the marble waste show that it is mainly composed of CaO and SiO 2 , whereas scoria is composed of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, and MgO. Concrete containing marble waste and scoria as a sand replacement shows better compressive strength than the conventional concrete but the workability and compressive strength decrease with an increase in the content of marble waste and scoria. Cost analyses indicate that concrete containing marble waste and scoria can save up to 4.5% of the total cost of concrete with weight reduction up to 5% and the optimum replacement level is 22.5% marble waste and 44.5% scoria.