No abstract

Background: Oral progesterone is recommended as an alternative to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists to prevent luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. However, there are little data regarding its use. Objective: We aimed to compare the effect of oral Utrogestan and Cetrotide (a GnRH antagonist) on preventing LH surge in ART cycles. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 100 infertile women undergoing ART who received recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at 150- 225 IU/day were randomly assigned to receive either Utrogestan 100 mg twice a day (case group) or GnRH antagonist protocol (control group) from cycle day 3 until the trigger day. Triggering was performed with 10,000 IU hCG) when there were at least three mature follicles. Viable embryos were cryopreserved for transfer in the next cycle for both groups. The number of oocytes retrieved and transferred embryos were compared between groups. Results: The case group had significantly higher progesterone levels on triggering day, more follicles of >14 mm with higher maturity, and more oocytes retrieved with a higher rate of embryos transferred. A small increase in the pregnancy rate was observed in the case group, with no significant between-group differences. The most important result was the lack of premature LH surge in either group upon serum LH assessment on the triggering day. Conclusion: Utrogestan is an alternative treatment that could reduce the LH surge rate and increase the ART outcomes including the number of oocytes retrieved and transferred embryos compared with GnRH agonists and antagonists. Key words: In vitro fertilization, Premature luteinization, Utrogestan.

Background and aims:Haemovigilance is defined as the surveillance of adverse reactions occurring in donors and in recipients of blood components. A surveillance system for transfusion-related adverse reactions was started in 2010 in Iran. From 863 hospitals in Iran, 542 center runs (63 percent).The ultimate purpose of haemovigilance is to prevent the repetition of adverse events and reactions.Methods:According to national haemovigilance guideline, the training course for the target group was held. First, pretest from the target group was taken and after theoretical and practical training, posttest was taken. After the Six months of training, test was performed again and using statistical methods, the test results were analyzed.Results:From all of the target groups, the educational haemovigilance system was implemented to 75 percent and the average of pre-test in nine different sections was 15.2 and after training, the mean was 18.96 which represent an increase 18.8 percent in training course. The results show that the haemovigilance system is effective in hospitals.Conclusion:Haemovigilance is an effective tool for identifying adverse effects of blood components. Increased knowledge of haemovigilance among physicians and nurses can lead to improved transfusion safety. Efforts to identify and eliminate the complications associated with blood transfusions and improve them, to reduce the death rate, infection and reduce the amount of disability, health promotion and ultimately the patients' satisfaction enhancement. The most important factor in the success of haemovigilance system is cooperation and coordination between hospitals and blood centers.

Background and aims:Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or NGAL is biomarker protein by weight of 25 kDa that a bacteriostatic agent in the physiological state of the body against Gram-negative bacteria by binding tightly to protect siderophore. The identification of these biomarkers as one of the key regulators of the immune system can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of infection.Methods:The most recent findings of recent years and the relevant articles in prestigious scientific sites and the results were obtained.Results:NGAL,an early sign of acute kidney injury in newborns, especially before changes in creatinine and urea testing occurs. Increased NGAL levels in 2–6 hours of the onset of kidney damage have been observed. NGAL with a mechanism of non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase serves as a key metastatic cancer cells. As well as when E-Cadherin externally expressed could be NGAL of expression is increased. E-cadherin cell adhesion molecule that causes the calcium-dependent. Protein expression and stimulates epithelial cells, the cells adhere to each other and prevent metastasis.Conclusions:NGAL as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in mature granulocytes in the bone marrow for a short period, but it stimulates the synthesis of the inflammatory process and malignant epithelial cells occurs. This marker against neutrophil oxidative acts as an inhibitor. Studies show that NGAL in wound healing by increasing the synthesis of cartilage by chondrocytes involved.