We study securities litigation risk faced by foreign firms listed on U.S. exchanges. We find that U.S. listed foreign companies experience securities class action lawsuits at about half the rate as do U.S. firms with similar levels of ex ante litigation risk. The lower rate appears to be driven partly by higher transaction costs in uncovering and pursuing litigation against foreign firms. However, once a lawsuit triggering event like an accounting restatement, missing management guidance, or a sharp stock price decline occurs, there is no difference in the litigation rates between a foreign and comparable U.S. firm. This suggests that effective enforcement of securities laws is constrained by transaction costs, and the availability of high quality information that reveals potential misconduct is an important determinant of a well-functioning litigation market for foreign firms listed in the U.S.1
The aim of the current chapter is to set the main coordinates of the study. We make a broad literature review analysis in order to understand the process of integrating non – financial information in the annual report and the interrelations between sustainability/corporate social responsibility and financial information. The early integrated reporting literature is based on the socio- environmental literature, and explains the nature of disclosure, and integration, as key-elements for an integrated report. Corporations should be aware of what information to disclose in the IR and what integration actually means. In addition, an integrated report is not just a mixture of financial, sustainability, and CSR information. All these elements have to be connected and interrelated based on a business model approach.
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